Index

Found 361 pages:

#	Page	Tags and summary
1	Legacy documentation	JSS, NSS, NeedsMigration
		Network Security Services (NSS) is a set of libraries designed to support cross-platform development of security-enabled client and server applications. Applications built with NSS can support SSL v3, TLS, PKCS #5, PKCS #7, PKCS #11, PKCS #12, S/MIME, X.509 v3 certificates, and other security standards.
2	mozilla_projects_nss _an_overview_of_nss_internals	API, Intermediate, Intro, NSS, Tools
		A High-Level Overview to the Internals of Network Security Services (NSS) Software developed by the Mozilla.org projects traditionally used its own implementation of security protocols and cryptographic algorithms, originally called Netscape Security Services, nowadays called Network Security Services (NSS). NSS is a library written in the C programming language. It’s free and open source software, and many other software projects have decided to use it. In order to support multiple operating systems (OS), it is based on a cross platform portability layer, called the Netscape Portable Runtime (NSPR), which provides cross platform application programming interfaces (APIs) for OS specific APIs like file system access, memory management, network communication, and multithreaded programming. NSS offers lots of functionality; we’ll walk through the list of modules, design principles, and important relevant standards. In order to allow interoperability between software and devices that perform cryptographic operations, NSS conforms to a standard called PKCS#11. (Note that it’s important to look at the number 11, as there are other PKCS standards with different numbers that define quite different topics.) A software or hardware module conforming to the PKCS#11 standard implements an interface of C calls, which allow querying the characteristics and offered services of the module. Multiple elements of NSS’s own modules have been implemented with this interface, and NSS makes use of this interface when talking to those modules. This strategy allows NSS to work with many hardware devices (e.g., to speed up the calculations required for cryptographic operations, or to access smartcards that securely protect a secret key) and software modules (e.g., to allow to load such modules as a plugin that provides additional algorithms or stores key or trust information) that implement the PKCS#11 interface. A core element of NSS is FreeBL, a base library providing hash functions, big number calculations, and cryptographic algorithms. Softoken is an NSS module that exposes most FreeBL functionality as a PKCS#11 module. Some cryptography uses the same secret key for both encrypting and decrypting, for example password based encryption (PBE). This is often sufficient if you encrypt data for yourself, but as soon as you need to exchange signed/encrypted data with communication partners, using public key encryption simplifies the key management. The environment that describes how to use public key encryption is called Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). The public keys that are exchanged between parties are transported using a container; the container is called a certificate, following standard X.509 version 3. A certificate contains lots of other details; for example, it contains a signature by a third party that expresses trust in the ownership relationship for the certificate. The trust assigned by the third party might be restricted to certain uses, which are listed in certificate extensions that are contained in the certificate. Many (if not most) of the operations performed by NSS involve the use of X.509 certificates (often abbreviated as “cert”, unfortunately making it easy to confuse with the term “computer emergency response team“). When checking whether a certificate is trusted or not, it’s necessary to find a relevant trust anchor (root certificate) that represents the signing capability of a trusted third party, usually called a Certificate Authority (CA). A trust anchor is just another X.509 certificate that is already known and has been deliberately marked as trusted by a software vendor, administrators inside an organizational infrastructure, or the software user. NSS ships a predefined set of CA certificates. This set, including their trust assignments, is provided by NSS as a software module, called CKBI (“built-in root certificates”), which also implements the PKCS#11 interface. On an organizational level the contents of the set are managed according to the Mozilla CA policy. On a technical level the set is a binary software module. A cryptographic transaction, such as encryption or decryption related to a data exchange, usually involves working with the X.509 certs of your communication partners (peer). It’s also required that you safely keep your own secret keys that belong to your own certificates. You might want to protect the storage of your secret keys with PBE. You might decide to modify the default trust provided by NSS. All of this requires storing, looking up, and retrieving data. NSS simplifies performing these operations by offering storage and management APIs. NSS doesn’t require the programmer to manage individual files containing individual certificates or keys. Instead, NSS offers to use its own database(s). Once you have imported certificates and keys into the NSS database, you can easily look them up and use them again. Because of NSS’s expectation to operate with an NSS database, it’s mandatory that you perform an initialization call, where you tell NSS which database you will be using. In the most simple scenario, the programmer will provide a directory on your filesystem as a parameter to the init function, and NSS is designed to do the rest. It will detect and open an existing database, or it can create a new one. Alternatively, should you decide that you don’t want to work with any persistent recording of certificates, you may initialize NSS in a no-database mode. Usually, NSS will flush all data to disk as soon as new data has been added to permanent storage. Storage consists of multiple files: a key database file, which contains your secret keys, and a certificate database file which contains the public portion of your own certificates, the certificates of peers or CAs, and a list of trust decisions (such as to not trust a built-in CA, or to explicitly trust other CAs). Examples for the database files are key3.db and cert8.db, where the numbers are file version numbers. A third file contains the list of external PKCS#11 modules that have been registered to be used by NSS. The file could be named secmod.db, but in newer database generations a file named pkcs11.txt is used. Only NSS is allowed to access and manipulate these database files directly; a programmer using NSS must go through the APIs offered by NSS to manipulate the data stored in these files. The programmer’s task is to initialize NSS with the required parameters (such as a database), and NSS will then transparently manage the database files. Most of the time certificates and keys are supposed to be stored in the NSS database. Therefore, after initial import or creation, the programmer usually doesn’t deal with their raw bytes. Instead, the programmer will use lookup functions, and NSS will provide an access handle that will be subsequently used by the application’s code. Those handles are reference counted. NSS will usually create an in-memory (RAM) presentation of certificates, once a certificate has been received from the network, read from disk, or looked up from the database, and prepare in-memory data structures that contain the certificate’s properties, as well as providing a handle for the programmer to use. Once the application is done with a handle, it should be released, allowing NSS to free the associated resources. When working with handles to private keys it’s usually difficult (and undesired) that an application gets access to the raw key data; therefore it may be difficult to extract such data from NSS. The usual minimum requirement is that private keys must be wrapped using a protective layer (such as password-based encryption). The intention is to make it easier to review code for security. The less code that has access to raw secret keys, the less code that must be reviewed. NSS has only limited functionality to look up raw keys. The preferred approach is to use certificates, and to look up certificates by properties such as the contained subject name (information that describes the owner of the certificate). For example, while NSS supports random calculation (creation) of a new public/private key pair, it’s difficult to work with such a raw key pair. The usual approach is to create a certificate signing request (CSR) as soon as an application is done with the creation step, which will have created a handle to the key pair, and which can be used for the necessary related operations, like producing a proof-of-ownership of the private key, which is usually required when submitting the public key with a CSR to a CA. The usual follow up action is receiving a signed certificate from a CA. (However, it’s also possible to use NSS functionality to create a self-signed certificate, which, however, usually won’t be trusted by other parties.) Once received, it’s sufficient to tell NSS to import such a new certificate into the NSS database, and NSS will automatically perform a lookup of the embedded public key, be able to find the associated private key, and subsequently be able to treat it as a personal certificate. (A personal certificate is a certificate for which the private key is in possession, and which could be used for signing data or for decrypting data.) A unique nickname can/should be assigned to the certificate at the time of import, which can later be used to easily identify and retrieve it. It’s important to note that NSS requires strict cleanup for all handles returned by NSS. The application should always call the appropriate dereference (destroy) functions once a handle is no longer needed. This is particularly important for applications that might need to close a database and reinitialize NSS using a different one, without restarting. Such an operation might fail at runtime if data elements are still being referenced. In addition to the FreeBL, Softoken, and CKBI modules, there is an utility library for general operations (e.g., encoding/decoding between data formats, a list of standardized object identifiers (OID)). NSS has an SSL/TLS module that implements the Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security network protocols, an S/MIME module that implements CMS messaging used by secure email and some instant messaging implementations, a DBM library that implements the classic database storage, and finally a core NSS library for the big set of “everything else”. Newer generations of the database use the SQLite database to allow concurrent access by multiple applications. All of the above are provided as shared libraries. The CRMF library, which is used to produce certain kinds of certificate requests, is available as a library for static linking only. When dealing with certificates (X.509), file formats such as PKCS#12 (certificates and keys), PKCS#7 (signed data), and message formats as CMS, we should mention ASN.1, which is a syntax for storing structured data in a very efficient (small sized) presentation. It was originally developed for telecommunication systems at times where it was critical to minimize data as much as possible (although it still makes sense to use that principle today for good performance). In order to process data available in the ASN.1 format, the usual approach is to parse it and transfer it to a presentation that requires more space but is easier to work with, such as (nested) C data structures. Over the time NSS has received three different ASN.1 parser implementations, each having their own specific properties, advantages and disadvantages, which is why all of them are still being used (nobody has yet dared to replace the older with the newer ones because of risks for side effects). When using the ASN.1 parser(s), a template definition is passed to the parser, which will analyze the ASN.1 data stream accordingly. The templates are usually closely aligned to definitions found in RFC documents. A data block described as DER is usually in ASN.1 format. You must know which data you are expecting, and use the correct template for parsing, based on the context of your software’s interaction. Data described as PEM is a base64 encoded presentation of DER, usually wrapped between human readable BEGIN/END lines. NSS prefers the binary presentation, but is often capable to use base64 or ASCII presentations, especially when importing data from files. A recent development adds support for loading external PEM files that contain private keys, in a software library called nss-pem, which is separately available, but should eventually become a core part of NSS. Looking at the code level, NSS deals with blocks of raw data all the time. The common structure to store such an untyped block is SECItem, which contains a size and an untyped C pointer variable. When dealing with memory, NSS makes use of arenas, which are an attempt to simplify management with the limited offerings of C (because there are no destructors). The idea is to group multiple memory allocations in order to simplify cleanup. Performing an operation often involves allocating many individual data items, and the code might be required to abort a task at many positions in the logic. An arena is requested once processing of a task starts, and all memory allocations that are logically associated to that task are requested from the associated arena. The implementation of arenas makes sure that all individual memory blocks are tracked. Once a task is done, regardless whether it completed or was aborted, the programmer simply needs to release the arena, and all individually allocated blocks will be released automatically. Often freeing is combined with immediately erasing (zeroing, zfree) the memory associated to the arena, in order to make it more difficult for attackers to extract keys from a memory dump. NSS uses many C data structures. Often NSS has multiple implementations for the same or similar concepts. For example, there are multiple presentations of certificates, and the NSS internals (and sometimes even the application using NSS) might have to convert between them. Key responsibilites of NSS are verification of signatures and certificates. In order to verify a digital signature, we have to look at the application data (e.g., a document that was signed), the signature data block (the digital signature), and a public key (as found in a certificate that is believed to be the signer, e.g., identified by metadata received together with the signature). The signature is verified if it can be shown that the signature data block must have been produced by the owner of the public key (because only that owner has the associated private key). Verifying a certificate (A) requires some additional steps. First, you must identify the potential signer (B) of a certificate (A). This is done by reading the “issuer name” attribute of a certificate (A), and trying to find that issuer certificate (B) (by looking for a certificate that uses that name as its “subject name”). Then you attempt to verify the signature found in (A) using the public key found in (B). It might be necessary to try multiple certificates (B1, B2, …) each having the same subject name. After succeeding, it might be necessary to repeat this procedure recursively. The goal is to eventually find a certificate B (or C or …) that has an appropriate trust assigned (e.g., because it can be found in the CKBI module and the user hasn’t made any overriding trust decisions, or it can be found in a NSS database file managed by the user or by the local environment). After having successfully verified the signatures in a (chain of) issuer certificate(s), we’re still not done with verifying the certificate A. In a PKI it’s suggested/required to perform additional checks. For example: Certificates were valid at the time the signature was made, name in certificates matches the expected signer (check subject name, common name, email, based on application), the trust restrictions recorded inside the certificate (extensions) permit the use (e.g., encryption might be allowed, but not signing), and based on environment/application policy it might be required to perform a revocation check (OCSP or CRL), that asks the issuer(s) of the certificates whether there have been events that made it necessary to revoke the trust (revoke the validity of the cert). Trust anchors contained in the CKBI module are usually self signed, which is defined as having identical subject name and issuer name fields. If a self-signed certificate is marked as explicitly trusted, NSS will skip checking the self-signature for validity. NSS has multiple APIs to perform verification of certificates. There is a classic engine that is very stable and works fine in all simple scenarios, for example if all (B) candidate issuer certificates have the same subject and issuer names and differ by validity period; however, it works only in a limited amount of more advanced scenarios. Unfortunately, the world of certificates has become more complex in the recent past. New Certificate Authorities enter the global PKI market, and in order to get started with their business, they might make deals with established CAs and receive so-called cross-signing-certificates. As a result, when searching for a trust path from (A) to a trusted anchor (root) certificate (Z), the set of candidate issuer certificates might have different issuer names (referring to the second or higher issuer level). As a consequence, it will be necessary to try multiple different alternative routes while searching for (Z), in a recursive manner. Only the newer verification engine (internally named libPKIX) is capable of doing that properly. It’s worth mentioning the Extended Validation (EV) principle, which is an effort by software vendors and CAs to define a stricter set of rules for issuing certificates for web site certificates. Instead of simply verifying that the requester of a certificate is in control of an administrative email address at the desired web site’s domain, it’s required that the CA performs a verification of real world identity documents (such as a company registration document with the country’s authority), and it’s also required that a browser software performs a revocation check with the CA, prior to granting validity to the certificate. In order to distinguish an EV certificate, CAs will embed a policy OID in the certificate, and the browser is expected to verify that a trust chain permits the end entity (EE) certificate to make use of the policy. Only the APIs of the newer libPKIX engine are capable of performing a policy verification. That’s a good opportunity to talk about SSL/TLS connections to servers in general (not just EV, not just websites). Whenever this document mentions SSL, it refers to either SSL or TLS. (TLS is a newer version of SSL with enhanced features.) When establishing an SSL connection to a server, (at least) a server certificate (and its trust chain) is exchanged from the server to the client (e.g., the browser), and the client verifies that the certificate can be verified (including matching the name of the expected destination server). Another part of the handshake between both parties is a key exchange. Because public key encryption is more expensive (more calculations required) than symmetric encryption (where both parties use the same key), a key agreement protocol will be executed, where the public and private keys are used to proof and verify the exchanged initial information. Once the key agreement is done, a symmetric encryption will be used (until a potential re-handshake on an existing channel). The combination of the hash and encryption algorithms used for a SSL connection is called a cipher suite. NSS ships with a set of cipher suites that it supports at a technical level. In addition, NSS ships with a default policy that defines which cipher suites are enabled by default. An application is able to modify the policy used at program runtime, by using function calls to modify the set of enabled cipher suites. If a programmer wants to influence how NSS verifies certificates or how NSS verifies the data presented in a SSL connection handshake, it is possible to register application-defined callback functions which will be called by NSS at the appropriate point of time, and which can be used to override the decisions made by NSS. If you would like to use NSS as a toolkit that implements SSL, remember that you must init NSS first. But if you don’t care about modifying the default trust permanently (recorded on disk), you can use the no-database init calls. When creating the network socket for data exchange, note that you must use the operating system independent APIs provided by NSPR and NSS. It might be interesting to mention a property of the NSPR file descriptors, which are stacked in layers. This means you can define multiple layers that are involved in data processing. A file descriptor has a pointer to the first layer handling the data. That layer has a pointer to a potential second layer, which might have another pointer to a third layer, etc. Each layer defines its own functions for the ope n/close/read/write/poll/select (etc.) functions. When using an SSL network connection, you’ll already have two layers, the basic NSPR layer and an SSL library layer. The Mozilla applications define a third layer where application specific processing is performed. You can find more details in the NSPR reference documents. NSS occassionally has to create outbound network connections, in addition to the connections requested by the application. Examples are retrieving OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) information or downloading a CRL (Certificate Revocation List). However, NSS doesn’t have an implementation to work with network proxies. If you must support proxies in your application, you are able to register your own implementation of an http request callback interface, and NSS can use your application code that supports proxies. When using hashing, encryption, and decryption functions, it is possible to stream data (as opposed to operating on a large buffer). Create a context handle while providing all the parameters required for the operation, then call an “update” function multiple times to pass subsets of the input to NSS. The data will be processed and either returned directly or sent to a callback function registered in the context. When done, you call a finalization function that will flush out any pending data and free the resources. This line is a placeholder for future sections that should explain how libpkix works and is designed. If you want to work with NSS, it’s often helpful to use the command line utilities that are provided by the NSS developers. There are tools for managing NSS databases, for dumping or verifying certificates, for registering PKCS#11 modules with a database, for processing CMS encrypted/signed messages, etc. For example, if you wanted to create your own pair of keys and request a new certificate from a CA, you could use certutil to create an empty database, then use certutil to operate on your database and create a certificate request (which involves creating the desired key pair) and export it to a file, submit the request file to the CA, receive the file from the CA, and import the certificate into your database. You should assign a good nickname to a certificate when importing it, making it easier for you to refer to it later. It should be noted that the first database format that can be accessed simultaneously by multiple applications is key4.db/cert9.db – database files with lower numbers will most likely experience unrecoverable corruption if you access them with multiple applications at the same time. In other words, if your browser or your server operates on an older NSS database format, don’t use the NSS tools to operate on it while the other software is executing. At the time of writing NSS and the Mozilla applications still use the older database file format by default, where each application has its own NSS database. If you require a copy of a certificate stored in an NSS database, including its private key, you can use pk12util to export it to the PKCS#12 file format. If you require it in PEM format, you could use the openssl pkcs12 command (that’s not NSS) to convert the PKCS#12 file to PEM. This line is a placeholder for how to prepare a database, how to dump a cert, and how to convert data. You might have been motivated to work with NSS because it is used by the Mozilla applications such as Firefox, Thunderbird, etc. If you build the Mozilla application, it will automatically build the NSS library, too. However, if you want to work with the NSS command line tools, you will have to follow the standalone NSS build instructions, and build NSS outside of the Mozilla application sources. The key database file will contain at least one symmetric key, which NSS will automatically create on demand, and which will be used to protect your secret (private) keys. The symmetric key can be protected with PBE by setting a master password on the database. As soon as you set a master password, an attacker stealing your key database will no longer be able to get access to your private key, unless the attacker would also succeed in stealing the master password. Now you might be interest in how to get the mozilla_projects_nss _nss_sources_building_testing
3	mozill a_projects_nss_blank_function	NSS
		One-line description of what the function does (more than just what it returns).
4	:ref:` mozilla_projects_nss_building`	Guide, NSS, Security
		This page has detailed information on how to build NSS. Because NSS is a cross-platform library that builds on many different platforms and has many options, it may be complex to build. Please read these instructions carefully before attempting to build.
5	mozilla_projec ts_nss_cert_findcertbydercert	NSS
		Find a certificate in the database that matches a DER-encoded certificate.
6	mozilla_projects_n ss_cert_findcertbyissuerandsn	NSS
		Find a certificate in the database with the given issuer and serial number.
7	:r ef:mozilla_projects_nss_certi ficate_download_specification	NSS
		This document describes the data formats used by NSS 3.x for installing certificates. This document is currently being revised and has not yet been reviewed for accuracy.
8	mozilla_proje cts_nss_certificate_functions	NSS
		The public functions listed here are used to interact with certificate databases.
9	mozill a_projects_nss_certverify_log	NSS
		All the NSS verify functions except, the *VerifyNow() functions, take a parameter called ‘CERTVerifyLog’. If you supply the log parameter, NSS will continue chain validation after each error . The log tells you what the problem was with the chain and what certificate in the chain failed.
10	mozil la_projects_nss_code_coverage	NSS
		No summary!
11	mozilla_projec ts_nss_cryptography_functions	NSS
		The public functions listed here perform cryptographic operations based on the PKCS #11 interface.
12	mozilla_projects _nss_deprecated_ssl_functions	NSS
		The following SSL functions have been replaced with newer versions. The deprecated functions are not supported by the new SSL shared libraries. Applications that want to use the SSL shared libraries must convert to calling the new replacement functions listed below.
13	mozil la_projects_nss_encrypt_decryp t_mac_keys_as_session_objects	Decrypt, Encryption, Example, NSS, Sample code
		Generates encryption/mac keys and uses session objects.
14	mozilla_projects_nss_en crypt_decrypt_mac_using_token	Example, Intermediate, Mozilla, NSS
		Generates encryption/mac keys and uses token for storing.
15	: ref:mozilla_projects_nss_faq	NSS, NeedsUpdate
		NSS is set of libraries, APIs, utilities, and documentation designed to support cross-platform development of security-enabled client and server applications. It provides a complete open-source implementation of the crypto libraries used by Mozilla and other companies in the Firefox browser, AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), server products from Red Hat, and other products.
16	mozilla_projects_n ss_fips_mode_-_an_explanation	NSS
		NSS has a “FIPS Mode” that can be enabled when NSS is compiled in a specific way. (Note: Mozilla does not distribute a “FIPS Mode”-ready NSS with Firefox.) This page attempts to provide an informal explanation of what it is, who would use it, and why.
17	mozilla_projects _nss_getting_started_with_nss	Samples WIP
		Network Security Services (NSS) is a base library for cryptographic algorithms and secure network protocols used by Mozilla software. Would you like to get involved and help us to improve the core security of Mozilla Firefox and other applications that make use of NSS? We are looking forward to your contributions! We have a large list of tasks waiting for attention, and we are happy to assist you in identifying areas that match your interest or skills. You can find us on Mozilla IRC in channel `#nss < irc://irc.mozilla.org/#nss>`__ or you could ask your questions on the mozilla.dev.tech.cry pto newsgroup.
18	mozilla_proje cts_nss_http_delegation_clone	Advanced, Guide, NSS
		Up to version 3.11, Legacy documentation connects directly over HTTP to an OCSP responder to make the request and fetch the response. It does so in a blocking fashion, and also directly to the responder, ignoring any proxy the application may wish to use. This causes OCSP requests to fail if the network environment requires the use of a proxy.
19	mozilla _projects_nss_http_delegation	Advanced, Guide, NSS
		Up to version 3.11, Legacy documentation connects directly over HTTP to an OCSP responder to make the request and fetch the response. It does so in a blocking fashion, and also directly to the responder, ignoring any proxy the application may wish to use. This causes OCSP requests to fail if the network environment requires the use of a proxy.
20	moz illa_projects_nss_introduction _to_network_security_services	Introduction, Mozilla, NSS
		Network Security Services (NSS) is a set of libraries designed to support cross-platform development of communications applications that support SSL, S/MIME, and other Internet security standards. For a general overview of NSS and the standards it supports, see m ozilla_projects_nss_overview.
21	mozilla_project s_nss_jss_4_4_0_release_notes	D
		The Java Security Services (JSS) team has released JSS 4.4.0, which is a minor release.
22	: ref:mozilla_projects_nss_jss	Guide, JSS, NSS, NeedsMigration
		The JSS project has been relocated!
23	mozilla_proj ects_nss_jss_4_3_releasenotes	JSS, NSS
		Network Security Services for Java (JSS) 4.3 is a minor release with the following new features:
24	mozilla_project s_nss_jss_4_3_1_release_notes	JSS, NSPR, NSS
		Network Security Services for Java (JSS) 4.3.1 is a minor release with the following new features:
25	:ref :mozilla_projects_nss_jss_bui ld_instructions_for_jss_4_3_x	JSS
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
26	:ref :mozilla_projects_nss_jss_bui ld_instructions_for_jss_4_4_x	JSS
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
27	moz illa_projects_nss_jss_jss_faq	JSS
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.cry pto
28	mozilla_projec ts_nss_jss_jss_provider_notes	Crypto, JSS, Security
		This page has been moved to http://www.do gtagpki.org/wiki/JSS_Provider.
29	:r ef:mozilla_projects_nss_jss_m ozilla-jss_jca_provider_notes
		Newsgroup:*mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
30	mozil la_projects_nss_jss_using_jss	JSS
		News group:mozilla.dev.tech.cry pto
31	mozill a_projects_nss_key_log_format
		Key logs can be written by NSS so that external programs can decrypt TLS connections. Wireshark 1.6.0 and above can use these log files to decrypt packets. You can tell Wireshark where to find the key file via Edit→Preferences→Pro tocols→TLS→(Pre)-Master-Secret log filename.
32	mozilla_p rojects_nss_memory_allocation	NSS
		NSS makes extensive use of NSPR’s PLArenaPools for memory allocation.
33	mozilla_pr ojects_nss_modutil-tasks_html
		No summary!
34	mozilla _projects_nss_new_nss_samples	Example
		This collection of sample code demonstrates how NSS can be used for cryptographic operations, certificate handling, SSL, etc. It also demonstrates some best practices in the application of cryptography.
35	moz illa_projects_nss_notes_on_tls _-_ssl_3_0_intolerant_servers	Gecko, NSS, Security
		A number of Netscape 6.x/7.x and Mozilla users have reported that some secure sites – typically sites featuring online transactions or online banking over the HTTPS protocol – do not display any content at all. The connection seems terminated and a blank page is displayed. This is the main symptom of the problem when Mozilla based browsers encounter TLS/SSL 3.0 intolerant servers.
36	mozilla_projects_nss_n ss_3_11_10_release_notes_html
		Newsgroup: <ahref=”news: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto”=”” news.mozilla.org=””>mozilla. dev.tech.crypto</ahref=”news:>
37	mozilla_projects_ns s_nss_3_12_release_notes_html
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
38	mozilla_projects_nss_ nss_3_12_1_release_notes_html
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
39	mozilla_projects_nss_ nss_3_12_2_release_notes_html
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
40	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_12_3_release_notes
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
41	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_12_4_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.12.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.12. The bug fixes in NSS 3.12.4 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
42	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_12_5_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.12.5 is a patch release for NSS 3.12. The bug fixes in NSS 3.12.5 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
43	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_12_6_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.12.6 is a patch release for NSS 3.12. The bug fixes in NSS 3.12.6 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
44	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_12_9_release_notes	NSS
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.12.9 is a patch release for NSS 3.12. The bug fixes in NSS 3.12.9 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
45	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_14_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14, which is a minor release with the following new features:
46	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_14_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.14. The bug fixes in NSS 3.14.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
47	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_14_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.14. The bug fixes in NSS 3.14.2 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. NSS 3.14.2 should be used with NSPR 4.9.5 or newer.
48	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_14_3_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.14. The bug fixes in NSS 3.14.3 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
49	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_14_4_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.14. The bug fixes in NSS 3.14.4 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
50	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_14_5_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14.5 is a patch release for NSS 3.14. The bug fixes in NSS 3.14.5 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
51	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_15_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15, which is a minor release.
52	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_15_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
53	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_15_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.2 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
54	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_15_3_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.3 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
55	mozilla_projects_n ss_nss_3_15_3_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.3.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.3.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
56	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_15_4_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.4 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
57	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_15_5_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.5 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.5 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
58	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_16_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16, which is a minor release.
59	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_16_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
60	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_16_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.2 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
61	mozilla_projects_n ss_nss_3_16_2_1_release_notes	Reference, Security
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.2.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.16, based on the NSS 3.16.2 release. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.2.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
62	mozilla_projects_n ss_nss_3_16_2_2_release_notes	Reference, Security
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.2.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.2.2 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
63	mozilla_projects_n ss_nss_3_16_2_3_release_notes	Reference, Security
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.2.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.2.3 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
64	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_16_3_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.3 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
65	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_16_4_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.4 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
66	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_16_5_release_notes	Reference, Security
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.5 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.5 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
67	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_16_6_release_notes	Reference, Security
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.6 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.6 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
68	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_17_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.17, which is a minor release.
69	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_17_1_release_notes	Reference, Security
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.17.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.17. The bug fixes in NSS 3.17.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
70	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_17_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.17.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.17. The bug fixes in NSS 3.17.2 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
71	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_17_3_release_notes	Guide, NSS, Security
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.17.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.17. The bug fixes in NSS 3.17.3 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
72	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_17_4_release_notes	Guide, NSS, Security
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.17.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.17. The bug fixes in NSS 3.17.4 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
73	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_18_release_notes	Guide, NSS, NeedsContent, Security
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.18, which is a minor release.
74	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_18_1_release_notes	Networking, Security
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.18.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.18. The bug fixes in NSS 3.18.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
75	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_19_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19, which is a minor security release.
76	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_19_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.1 is a security release for NSS 3.19. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
77	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_19_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.19 that addresses compatibility issues in NSS 3.19.1.
78	mozilla_projects_n ss_nss_3_19_2_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.2.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.19.2. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.2.1 are described in the “Security Advisories” section below.
79	mozilla_projects_n ss_nss_3_19_2_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.2.2 is a security patch release for NSS 3.19.2. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.2.2 are described in the “Security Fixes” section below.
80	mozilla_projects_n ss_nss_3_19_2_3_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.2.3 is a security patch release for NSS 3.19.2. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.2.3 are described in the “Security Fixes” section below.
81	mozilla_projects_n ss_nss_3_19_2_4_release_notes	NSS
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.2.4 is a security patch release for NSS 3.19.2. The bug fixed in NSS 3.19.2.4 have been described in the “Security Fixes” section below.
82	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_19_3_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.19. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.3 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
83	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_19_4_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.19. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.4 are described in the “Security Advisories” section below.
84	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_20_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.20, which is a minor release.
85	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_20_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.20.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.20. The bug fixes in NSS 3.20.1 are described in the “Security Advisories” section below.
86	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_20_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.20.2 is a security patch release for NSS 3.20. The bug fixes in NSS 3.20.2 are described in the “Security Fixes” section below.
87	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_21_release_notes
		2016-01-07, this page has been updated to include additional information about the release. The sections “Security Fixes” and “Acknowledgements” have been added.
88	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_21_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.21.1 is a security patch release for NSS 3.21. The bug fixes in NSS 3.21.1 are described in the “Security Fixes” section below.
89	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_21_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.21.2 is a security patch release for NSS 3.21.1. The bug fixes in NSS 3.21.2 are described in the “Security Fixes” section below.
90	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_21_3_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.21.3 is a security patch release for NSS 3.21.2. The bug fixes in NSS 3.21.3 are described in the “Security Fixes” section below.
91	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_21_4_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.21.4 is a security patch release for NSS 3.21. The bug fixes in NSS 3.21.4 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
92	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_22_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.22, which is a minor release.
93	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_22_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.22.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.22. The bug fixes in NSS 3.22.1 are described in the “Notable Changes” section below.
94	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_22_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.22.2 is a security patch release for NSS 3.22. The bug fixes in NSS 3.22.2 are described in the “Security Fixes” section below.
95	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_22_3_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.22.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.22. The bug fixes in NSS 3.22.3 are described in the “Bugs fixed” section below.
96	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_23_release_notes	Networking, Security
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.23, which is a minor release.
97	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_24_release_notes	NSS, Release Notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.24, which is a minor release.
98	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_25_release_notes	NSS, Release Notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.25, which is a minor release.
99	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_25_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.25.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.25.
100	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_26_release_notes	NSS, Release Notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.26, which is a minor release.
101	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_26_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.26.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.26.
102	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_27_release_notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.27, which is a minor release.
103	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_27_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.27.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.27.
104	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_27_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.27.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.27.
105	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_28_release_notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.28, which is a minor release.
106	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_28_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.28.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.28. The bug fixes in NSS 3.28.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
107	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_28_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.28.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.28.
108	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_28_3_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.28.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.28. The bug fixes in NSS 3.28.3 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
109	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_28_4_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.28.4 is a security patch release for NSS 3.28. The bug fixes in NSS 3.28.4 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
110	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_28_5_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.28.5 is a patch release for NSS 3.28. The bug fixes in NSS 3.28.5 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
111	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_29_release_notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.29, which is a minor release.
112	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_29_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.29.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.29. The bug fixes in NSS 3.29.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
113	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_29_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.29.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.29. The bug fixes in NSS 3.29.2 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
114	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_29_3_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.29.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.29. The bug fixes in NSS 3.29.3 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
115	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_29_5_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.29.5 is a security patch release for NSS 3.29. The bug fixes in NSS 3.29.5 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
116	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_30_release_notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.30, which is a minor release.
117	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_30_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.30.1 is a security patch release for NSS 3.30. The bug fixes in NSS 3.30.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
118	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_30_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.30.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.30. The bug fixes in NSS 3.30.2 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
119	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_31_release_notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.31, which is a minor release.
120	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_31_1_release_notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.31.1, which is a patch release for NSS 3.31.
121	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_32_release_notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.32, which is a minor release.
122	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_33_release_notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.33, which is a minor release.
123	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_34_release_notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.34, which is a minor release.
124	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_34_1_release_notes
		The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.34.1, which is a minor release.
125	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_35_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.35, which is a minor release.
126	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_36_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.36, which is a minor release.
127	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_36_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.36.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.36.
128	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_36_2_release_notes	NSS, Release Notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.36.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.36.
129	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_36_4_release_notes	NSS, Release Notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.36.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.36.
130	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_36_5_release_notes	Mozilla, NSS, Release Notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.36.5 is a patch release for NSS 3.36. The bug fixes in NSS 3.36.5 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
131	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_36_6_release_notes	Mozilla, NSS, Release Notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.36.6 is a patch release for NSS 3.36. The bug fixes in NSS 3.36.6 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
132	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_36_7_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.36.7 is a patch release for NSS 3.36. The bug fixes in NSS 3.36.7 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 19 January 2019.
133	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_36_8_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.36.8 is a patch release for NSS 3.36. The bug fixes in NSS 3.36.8 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 21 June 2019.
134	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_37_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.37, which is a minor release.
135	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_37_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.37.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.37.
136	mozilla_project s_nss_nss_3_37_3release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.37.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.37.
137	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_38_release_notes	Mozilla, NSS, Release Notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.38, which is a minor release.
138	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_39_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.39, which is a minor release.
139	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_40_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.40, which is a minor release.
140	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_40_1_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.40.1, which is a patch release for NSS 3.40
141	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_41_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.41 on 7 December 2018, which is a minor release.
142	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_41_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.41.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.41. The bug fixes in NSS 3.41.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 22 January 2019.
143	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_42_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.42 on 25 January 2019, which is a minor release.
144	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_42_1_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.42.1 on 31 January 2019, which is a patch release.
145	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_43_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.43 on 16 March 2019, which is a minor release.
146	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_44_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.44 on 10 May 2019, which is a minor release.
147	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_44_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.44.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.44. The bug fixes in NSS 3.44.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 21 June 2019.
148	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_44_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.44.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.44. The bug fixes in NSS 3.44.2 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 2 October 2019.
149	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_44_3_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.44.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.44. The bug fixes in NSS 3.44.3 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 19 November 2019.
150	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_44_4_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.44.4 on 19 May 2020. This is a security patch release.
151	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_45_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.45 on 5 July 2019, which is a minor release.
152	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_46_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.46 on 30 August 2019, which is a minor release.
153	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_46_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.46.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.46. The bug fixes in NSS 3.46.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 2 October 2019.
154	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_47_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.47 on 18 October 2019, which is a minor release.
155	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_47_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.47.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.47. The bug fixes in NSS 3.47.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 19 November 2019.
156	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_48_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.48 on 5 December 2019, which is a minor release.
157	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_48_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.48.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.48. The bug fixes in NSS 3.48.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 13 January 2020.
158	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_49_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.49 on 3 January 2020, which is a minor release.
159	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_49_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.49.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.49. The bug fixes in NSS 3.49.1 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 13 January 2020.
160	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_49_2_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.49.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.49. The bug fixes in NSS 3.49.2 are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below. It was released on 23 January 2020.
161	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_50_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.50 on 7 February 2020, which is a minor release.
162	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_51_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.51 on 6 March 2020, which is a minor release.
163	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_51_1_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.51.1 on 3 April 2020. This is a minor release focusing on functional bug fixes and low-risk patches only.
164	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_52_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.52 on 1 May 2020.
165	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_52_1_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.52.1 on 19 May 2020. This is a security patch release.
166	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_53_release_notes
		The NSS team released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.53 on 29 May 2020. NSS 3.53 will be a long-term support release, supporting Firefox 78 ESR.
167	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_53_1_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.53.1 on 16 June 2020. This is a security patch release.
168	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_54_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.54 on 26 June 2020, which is a minor release.
169	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_55_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.55 on 24 July 2020, which is a minor release.
170	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_56_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.56 on 21 August 2020, which is a minor release.
171	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_57_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.57 on 18 September 2020, which is a minor release.
172	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_58_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.58 on 16 October 2020, which is a minor release.
173	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_59_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.59 on 13 November 2020, which is a minor release.
174	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_59_1_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.59.1 on 18 December 2020, which is a patch release for NSS 3.59.
175	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_60_release_notes
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.60 on 11 December 2020, which is a minor release.
176	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_60_1_release_notes
		The NSS team released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.60.1 on 4 January 2021, which is a patch release for NSS 3.60.
177	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_61_release_notes
		The NSS team released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.61 on 22 January 2021, which is a minor release.
178	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_62_release_notes
		The NSS team released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.62 on 19 February 2021, which is a minor release.
179	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_63_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.63 was released on 18 March 2021.
180	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_3_63_1_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.63.1 was released on 6 April 2021.
181	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_3_64_release_notes
		Network Security Services (NSS) 3.64 was released on 15 April 2021.
182	mozilla_pr ojects_nss_nss_api_guidelines
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
183	mozilla_pr ojects_nss_nss_config_options
		The specified ciphers will be allowed by policy, but an application may allow more by policy explicitly:
184	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_developer_tutorial	NSS, Tutorial
		Line length should not exceed 80 characters.
185	mozilla_projects_n ss_nss_release_notes_template
		The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.XX, which is a minor release. or Network Security Services (NSS) 3.XX.y is a patch release for NSS 3.XX. The bug fixes in NSS 3.XX.y are described in the “Bugs Fixed” section below.
186	mozi lla_projects_nss_nss_releases	Landing, Mozilla, NSS, Networking, Project, Release Notes, Security
		The current Stable release of NSS is 3.64, which was released on 15 April 2021. (mozilla_project s_nss_nss_3_64_release_notes)
187	mozilla _projects_nss_nss_sample_code	Example
		The collection of sample code here demonstrates how NSS can be used for cryptographic operations, certificate handling, SSL, etc. It also demonstrates some best practices in the application of cryptography.
188	mozilla_projec ts_nss_nss_sample_code_enc_dec _mac_output_plblic_key_as_csr
		Generates encryption/mac keys and outputs public key as certificate signing request
189	mozilla_projects_nss_ns s_sample_code_enc_dec_mac_usin g_key_wrap_certreq_pkcs10_csr
		Generates encryption/mac keys and outputs public key as pkcs11 certificate signing request
190	mozilla_p rojects_nss_nss_sample_code_en crypt_decrypt_mac_using_token
		Generates encryption/mac keys and uses token for storing.
191	mozilla_pr ojects_nss_nss_sample_code_nss _sample_code_sample_1_hashing	Examples, NSS, Security
		This is an example program that demonstrates how to compute the hash of a file and save it to another file. This program illustrates the use of NSS message APIs.
192	mozilla_projects_nss_nss _sample_code_nss_sample_code_s ample_2_initialization_of_nss	Examples, NSS, Security
		This example program demonstrates how to initialize the NSS Database. This program illustrates password handling.
193	:ref :mozilla_projects_nss_nss_sam ple_code_nss_sample_code_sampl e_3_basic_encryption_and_maci	Examples, NSS, Security
		This example program demonstrates how to encrypt and MAC a file.
194	m ozilla_projects_nss_nss_sample _code_nss_sample_code_sample1
		This is an example program that demonstrates how to do key generation and transport between cooperating servers. This program shows the following:
195	m ozilla_projects_nss_nss_sample _code_nss_sample_code_sample2
		No summary!
196	m ozilla_projects_nss_nss_sample _code_nss_sample_code_sample3
		No summary!
197	m ozilla_projects_nss_nss_sample _code_nss_sample_code_sample4
		No summary!
198	m ozilla_projects_nss_nss_sample _code_nss_sample_code_sample5
		No summary!
199	m ozilla_projects_nss_nss_sample _code_nss_sample_code_sample6
		No summary!
200	mozil la_projects_nss_nss_sample_cod e_nss_sample_code_utililies_1	Examples, NSS, Security
		This is a library of utilities used by many of the samples. This code shows the following:
201	: ref:mozilla_projects_nss_nss_ sample_code_sample1_-_hashing	HTML, Hashing Sample, JavaScript, NSS, Web Development, hashing
		The NSS same code below computes the hash of a file and saves it to another file, this illustrates the use of NSS message APIs.
202	mozilla_project s_nss_nss_sample_code_sample1	Example, NSS
		1. A program to compute the hash of a file and save it to another file.
203	mozilla_pro jects_nss_nss_sample_code_samp le2_-_initialize_nss_database	HTML, JavaScript, NSS, NSS Article, NSS Initialization, Web Development
		The NSS sample code below demonstrates how to initialize the NSS database.
204	mozilla_project s_nss_nss_sample_code_sample2
		No summary!
205	mozilla_projects _nss_nss_sample_code_sample3_- _encdecmac_using_token_object	EncDeCMac, HTML, NCC, NCC Article, Web, Web Development
		Computes the hash of a file and saves it to another file, illustrates the use of NSS message APIs.
206	moz illa_projects_nss_nss_sample_c ode_utiltiies_for_nss_samples
		These utility functions are adapted from those found in the sectool library used by the NSS security tools and other NSS test applications.
207	mozilla_projects_nss _nss_sources_building_testing	Build documentation, Guide, NSS, Security
		Getting the source code of Legacy documentation, how to build it, and how to run its test suite.
208	mozill a_projects_nss_nss_tech_notes	NSS
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
209	mozilla_projects_nss_ nss_tech_notes_nss_tech_note1
		The main non-streaming APIs for these two decoders have an identical prototype :
210	mozilla_projects_nss_ nss_tech_notes_nss_tech_note2
		The logger displays all activity between NSS and a specified PKCS #11 module. It works by inserting a special set of entry points between NSS and the module.
211	mozilla_projects_nss_ nss_tech_notes_nss_tech_note3
		No summary!
212	mozilla_projects_nss_ nss_tech_notes_nss_tech_note4
		No summary!
213	mozilla_projects_nss_ nss_tech_notes_nss_tech_note5
		Note: AES encryption, a fixed blocksize of 16 bytes is used. The Rijndael algorithm permits 3 blocksizes (16, 24, 32 bytes), but the AES standard requires the blocksize to be 16 bytes. The keysize can vary and these keysizes are permitted: 16, 24, 32 bytes. You can also look at a sample program illustrating encryption
214	mozilla_projects_nss_ nss_tech_notes_nss_tech_note6
		The following applies to NSS 3.8 through 3.10 :
215	mozilla_projects_nss_ nss_tech_notes_nss_tech_note7
		This technical note explains how to use NSS to perform RSA signing and encryption. The industry standard for RSA signing and encryption is PKCS #1. NSS supports PKCS #1 v1.5. NSS doesn’t yet support PKCS #1 v2.0 and v2.1, in particular OAEP, but OAEP support is on our to-do li st. Your contribution is welcome.
216	mozilla_projects_nss_ nss_tech_notes_nss_tech_note8
		No summary!
217	mozilla_proj ects_nss_nss_third-party_code	NSS, Security, Third-Party Code
		This is a list of third-party code included in the NSS repository, broken into two lists: Code that can be compiled into the NSS libraries, and code that is only used for testing.
218	mozilla_proje cts_nss_nss_tools_sslstrength
		2) sslstrength hostname[:port] [ciphers=xyz] [debug] [verbose] [policy=export|domestic]
219	:ref:` mozilla_projects_nss_overview`	NSS
		If you want to add support for SSL, S/MIME, or other Internet security standards to your application, you can use Network Security Services (NSS) to implement all your security features. NSS provides a complete open-source implementation of the crypto libraries used by AOL, Red Hat, Google, and other companies in a variety of products, including the following:
220	mozilla_p rojects_nss_pkcs_12_functions	NSS
		The public functions listed here perform PKCS #12 operations required by some of the NSS tools and other applications.
221	mozilla_ projects_nss_pkcs_7_functions	NSS
		The public functions listed here perform PKCS #7 operations required by mail and news applications and by some of the NSS tools.
222	mozilla_ projects_nss_pkcs11_functions	NSS
		This chapter describes the core PKCS #11 functions that an application needs for communicating with cryptographic modules. In particular, these functions are used for obtaining certificates, keys, and passwords. This was converted from “Chapter 7: PKCS #11 Functions”.
223	mozilla_ projects_nss_pkcs11_implement
		NOTE: This document was originally for the Netscape Security Library that came with Netscape Communicator 4.0. This note will be removed once the document is updated for the current version of NSS.
224	:ref :mozilla_projects_nss_pkcs11	NSS, Security
		PKCS #11 information for implementors of cryptographic modules:
225	mo zilla_projects_nss_pkcs11_faq	NSS, Security
		NSS searches all the installed PKCS #11 modules when looking for certificates. Once you’ve installed the module, the module’s certificates simply appear in the list of certificates displayed in the Certificate window.
226	mozilla_projects_n ss_pkcs11_module_installation	Authentication, Biometric, Mozilla, NSS, PKCS #11, Projects, Security, Smart Card, Smart-card, Smartcard, pkcs11
		PKCS #11 modules are external modules which add to Firefox support for smartcard readers, biometric security devices, and external certificate stores. This article covers the two methods for installing PKCS #11 modules into Firefox.
227	mozilla_pro jects_nss_pkcs11_module_specs	NSS
		The following is a proposal to the PKCS #11 working group made in August 2001 for configuring PKCS #11 modules. NSS currently implements this proposal internally.
228	mozilla_projec ts_nss_python_binding_for_nss
		python-nss is a Python binding for NSS (Network Security Services) and NSPR (Netscape Portable Runtime). NSS provides cryptography services supporting SSL, TLS, PKI, PKIX, X509, PKCS*, etc. NSS is an alternative to OpenSSL and used extensively by major software projects. NSS is FIPS-140 certified.
229	m ozilla_projects_nss_reference	NSS
		Based on mozilla_projec ts_nss_ssl_functions_sslintro in the SSL Reference.
230	ref mozilla_projects_nss_referenc e_building_and_installing_nss	NSS
		This chapter describes how to build and install NSS.
231	mozilla_projects_n ss_reference_building_and_inst alling_nss_build_instructions	NSS
		Numerous optional features of NSS builds are controlled through make variables.
232	mozilla_projects_n ss_reference_building_and_inst alling_nss_installation_guide	NSS
		The build system of NSS originated from Netscape’s build system, which predated the “configure; make; make test; make install” sequence that we’re familiar with now. Our makefiles also have an “install” target, but it has a different meaning: our “install” means installing the headers, libraries, and programs in the appropriate directories under mozilla/dist.
233	mozilla_project s_nss_reference_building_and_i nstalling_nss_migration_to_hg
		The NSPR, NSS and related projects have stopped using Mozilla’a CVS server, but have migrated to Mozilla’s HG (Mercurial) server. Each project now lives in its own separate space, they can be found at: https:/ /hg.mozilla.org/projects/nspr/ https: //hg.mozilla.org/projects/nss/ https: //hg.mozilla.org/projects/jss/ https://hg.mo zilla.org/projects/python-nss/
234	:r ef:mozilla_projects_nss_refer ence_building_and_installing_n ss_sample_manual_installation	NSS
		The NSS build system does not include a target to install header files and shared libraries in the system directories, so this needs to be done manually.
235	mozilla_projects_ns s_reference_fc_cancelfunction	NSS
		FC_CancelFunction - cancel a function running in parallel
236	mozilla_projects_nss_ reference_fc_closeallsessions	NSS
		FC_CloseAllSessions - close all sessions between an application and a token.
237	mozilla_projects_ nss_reference_fc_closesession	NSS
		FC_CloseSession - close a session opened between an application and a token.
238	mozilla_project s_nss_reference_fc_copyobject	NSS
		FC_CopyObject - create a copy of an object.
239	mozilla_projects_ nss_reference_fc_createobject	NSS
		FC_CreateObject - create a new object.
240	mozilla_proj ects_nss_reference_fc_decrypt	NSS
		FC_Decrypt - Decrypt a block of data.
241	mozilla_projects_nss_ref erence_fc_decryptdigestupdate	NSS
		FC_DecryptDigestUpdate - continue a multi-part decrypt and digest operation
242	mozilla_projects_ nss_reference_fc_decryptfinal	NSS
		FC_DecryptFinal - finish a multi-part decryption operation.
243	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_fc_decryptinit	NSS
		FC_DecryptInit - initialize a decryption operation.
244	mozilla_projects_n ss_reference_fc_decryptupdate	NSS
		FC_DecryptUpdate - decrypt a block of a multi-part encryption operation.
245	mozilla_projects_nss_ref erence_fc_decryptverifyupdate	NSS
		FC_DecryptVerifyUpdate - continue a multi-part decrypt and verify operation
246	mozilla_projec ts_nss_reference_fc_derivekey	NSS
		FC_DeriveKey - derive a key from a base key
247	mozilla_projects_n ss_reference_fc_destroyobject	NSS
		FC_DestroyObject - destroy an object.
248	mozilla_pro jects_nss_reference_fc_digest	NSS
		FC_Digest - digest a block of data.
249	mozilla_projects_nss_ref erence_fc_digestencryptupdate	NSS
		FC_DigestEncryptUpdate - continue a multi-part digest and encryption operation
250	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_fc_digestfinal	NSS
		FC_DigestFinal - finish a multi-part digest operation.
251	mozilla_project s_nss_reference_fc_digestinit	NSS
		FC_DigestInit - initialize a message-digest operation.
252	mozilla_projec ts_nss_reference_fc_digestkey	NSS
		FC_DigestKey - add the digest of a key to a multi-part digest operation.
253	mozilla_projects_ nss_reference_fc_digestupdate	NSS
		FC_DigestUpdate - process the next block of a multi-part digest operation.
254	mozilla_proj ects_nss_reference_fc_encrypt	NSS
		FC_Encrypt - Encrypt a block of data.
255	mozilla_projects_ nss_reference_fc_encryptfinal	NSS
		FC_EncryptFinal - finish a multi-part encryption operation.
256	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_fc_encryptinit	NSS
		FC_EncryptInit - initialize an encryption operation.
257	mozilla_projects_n ss_reference_fc_encryptupdate	NSS
		FC_EncryptUpdate - encrypt a block of a multi-part encryption operation.
258	mozilla_proje cts_nss_reference_fc_finalize	NSS
		FC_Finalize - indicate that an application is done with the PKCS #11 library.
259	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_fc_findobjects	NSS
		FC_FindObjects - Search for one or more objects
260	mozilla_projects_nss_ reference_fc_findobjectsfinal	NSS
		FC_FindObjectsFinal - terminate an object search.
261	mozilla_projects_nss _reference_fc_findobjectsinit	NSS
		FC_FindObjectsInit - initialize the parameters for an object search.
262	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_fc_generatekey	NSS
		FC_GenerateKey - generate a new key
263	mozilla_projects_nss _reference_fc_generatekeypair	NSS
		FC_GenerateKeyPair - generate a new public/private key pair
264	mozilla_projects_ns s_reference_fc_generaterandom	NSS
		FC_GenerateRandom - generate a random number.
265	mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_fc_getattributevalue	NSS
		FC_GetAttributeValue - get the value of attributes of an object.
266	mozilla_projects_nss _reference_fc_getfunctionlist	NSS
		FC_GetFunctionList - get a pointer to the list of function pointers in the FIPS mode of operation.
267	mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_fc_getfunctionstatus	NSS
		FC_GetFunctionStatus - get the status of a function running in parallel
268	mozilla_proj ects_nss_reference_fc_getinfo	NSS
		FC_GetInfo - return general information about the PKCS #11 library.
269	mozilla_projects_nss_ reference_fc_getmechanisminfo	NSS
		FC_GetMechanismInfo - get information on a particular mechanism.
270	mozilla_projects_nss_ reference_fc_getmechanismlist	NSS
		FC_GetMechanismList - get a list of mechanism types supported by a token.
271	mozilla_projects_n ss_reference_fc_getobjectsize	NSS
		FC_GetObjectSize - create a copy of an object.
272	mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_fc_getoperationstate	NSS
		FC_GetOperationState - get the cryptographic operation state of a session.
273	mozilla_projects_ns s_reference_fc_getsessioninfo	NSS
		FC_GetSessionInfo - obtain information about a session.
274	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_fc_getslotinfo	NSS
		FC_GetSlotInfo - get information about a particular slot in the system.
275	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_fc_getslotlist	NSS
		FC_GetSlotList - Obtain a list of slots in the system.
276	mozilla_projects_ nss_reference_fc_gettokeninfo	NSS
		FC_GetTokenInfo - obtain information about a particular token in the system.
277	mozilla_project s_nss_reference_fc_initialize	NSS
		FC_Initialize - initialize the PKCS #11 library.
278	mozilla_proj ects_nss_reference_fc_initpin	NSS
		FC_InitPIN() - Initialize the user’s PIN.
279	mozilla_projec ts_nss_reference_fc_inittoken	NSS
		FC_InitToken() - initialize or re-initialize a token.
280	mozilla_pr ojects_nss_reference_fc_login	NSS
		FC_Login() - log a user into a token.
281	mozilla_pro jects_nss_reference_fc_logout	NSS
		FC_Logout - log a user out from a token.
282	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_fc_opensession	NSS
		FC_OpenSession - open a session between an application and a token.
283	mozilla_project s_nss_reference_fc_seedrandom	NSS
		FC_SeedRandom() - mix additional seed material into the random number generator.
284	mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_fc_setattributevalue	NSS
		FC_SetAttributeValue - set the values of attributes of an object.
285	mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_fc_setoperationstate	NSS
		FC_SetOperationState - restore the cryptographic operation state of a session.
286	mozilla_pro jects_nss_reference_fc_setpin	NSS
		FC_SetPIN - Modify the user’s PIN.
287	mozilla_p rojects_nss_reference_fc_sign	NSS
		FC_Sign - sign a block of data.
288	mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_fc_signencryptupdate	NSS
		FC_SignEncryptUpdate - continue a multi-part signing and encryption operation
289	mozilla_projec ts_nss_reference_fc_signfinal	NSS
		FC_SignFinal - finish a multi-part signing operation.
290	mozilla_proje cts_nss_reference_fc_signinit	NSS
		FC_SignInit - initialize a signing operation.
291	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_fc_signrecover	NSS
		FC_SignRecover - Sign data in a single recoverable operation.
292	mozilla_projects_nss _reference_fc_signrecoverinit	NSS
		FC_SignRecoverInit - initialize a sign recover operation.
293	mozilla_project s_nss_reference_fc_signupdate	NSS
		FC_SignUpdate - process the next block of a multi-part signing operation.
294	mozilla_projec ts_nss_reference_fc_unwrapkey	NSS
		FC_UnwrapKey - unwrap a key
295	mozilla_pro jects_nss_reference_fc_verify	NSS
		FC_Verify - sign a block of data.
296	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_fc_verifyfinal	NSS
		FC_VerifyFinal - finish a multi-part verify operation.
297	mozilla_project s_nss_reference_fc_verifyinit	NSS
		FC_VerifyInit - initialize a verification operation.
298	mozilla_projects_n ss_reference_fc_verifyrecover	NSS
		FC_VerifyRecover - Verify data in a single recoverable operation.
299	mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_fc_verifyrecoverinit	NSS
		FC_VerifyRecoverInit - initialize a verification operation where data is recoverable.
300	mozilla_projects_ nss_reference_fc_verifyupdate	NSS
		FC_VerifyUpdate - process the next block of a multi-part verify operation.
301	mozilla_projects_nss_ reference_fc_waitforslotevent	NSS
		FC_WaitForSlotEvent - waits for a slot event, such as token insertion or token removal, to occur.
302	mozilla_proj ects_nss_reference_fc_wrapkey	NSS
		FC_WrapKey - wrap a key
303	mozilla_project s_nss_reference_nsc_inittoken	NSS
		NSC_InitToken() - initialize or re-initialize a token.
304	mozilla_pro jects_nss_reference_nsc_login	NSS
		NSC_Login() - log a user into a token.
305	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_nspr_functions
		NSPR is a platform abstraction library that provides a cross-platform API to common OS services. NSS uses NSPR internally as the porting layer. However, a small number of NSPR functions are required for using the certificate verification and SSL functions in NSS. These NSPR functions are listed in this section.
306	:re f:mozilla_projects_nss_refere nce_nss_certificate_functions	NSS
		This chapter describes the functions and related types used to work with a certificate database such as the cert8.db database provided with NSS. This was converted from “Chapter 5: Certificate Functions”.
307	:r ef:mozilla_projects_nss_refer ence_nss_cryptographic_module	NSS
		This chapter describes the data types and functions that one can use to perform cryptographic operations with the NSS cryptographic module. The NSS cryptographic module uses the industry standard PKCS #11 v2.20 as its API with some extensions. Therefore, an application that supports PKCS #11 cryptographic tokens can be easily modified to use the NSS cryptographic module.
308	mozilla_projects_ns s_reference_nss_cryptographic_ module_fips_mode_of_operation	NSS
		These functions manage certificates and keys.
309	:re f:mozilla_projects_nss_refere nce_nss_environment_variables	NSS
		These environment variables affect the RUN TIME behavior of NSS shared libraries. There is a separate set of environment variables that affect how NSS is built, documented below.
310	mozilla_project s_nss_reference_nss_functions	NSS
		This page lists all exported functions in NSS 3.11.7 It was ported from here.
311	mozilla_projects _nss_reference_nss_initialize
		NSS_Initialize - initialize NSS.
312	mozilla_projects_ns s_reference_nss_key_functions	NSS
		This chapter describes two functions used to manipulate private keys and key databases such as the key3.db database provided with NSS. This was converted from “Chapter 6: Key Functions”.
313	mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_nss_tools_:_certutil
		Name certutil — Manage keys and certificate in both NSS databases and other NSS tokens Synopsis certutil [options] [[arguments]] Description The Certificate Database Tool, certutil, is a command-line utility that can create and modify certificate and key databases. It can specifically list, generate, modify, or delete certificates, create or change the password, generate new public and private key pairs, display the contents of the key database, or delete key pairs within the key database. Certificate issuance, part of the key and certificate management process, requires that keys and certificates be created in the key database. This document discusses certificate and key database management. For information on the security module database management, see the modutil manpage. Options and Arguments Running certutil always requires one and only one command option to specify the type of certificate operation. Each option may take arguments, anywhere from none to multiple arguments. The command option -H will list all the command options available and their relevant arguments. Command Options -A Add an existing certificate to a certificate database. The certificate database should already exist; if one is not present, this command option will initialize one by default. -B Run a series of commands from the specified batch file. This requires the -i argument. -C Create a new binary certificate file from a binary certificate request file. Use the -i argument to specify the certificate request file. If this argument is not used, certutil prompts for a filename. -D Delete a certificate from the certificate database.
314	mozilla_projects_nss_ reference_nss_tools_:_cmsutil
		Name
315	mozilla_projects_nss_ reference_nss_tools_:_crlutil	Reference
		Name
316	mozilla_projects_nss_ reference_nss_tools_:_modutil	Mozilla, NSS, Reference, Security, Tools, Utilities, modutil
		Name
317	mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_nss_tools_:_pk12util
		NSS tools : pk12util
318	mozilla_projects_nss _reference_nss_tools_:_ssltab
		Name
319	mozilla_projects_nss _reference_nss_tools_:_ssltap
		Name
320	mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_nss_tools_:_vfychain
		Name
321	mozilla_projects_nss_ reference_nss_tools_:_vfyserv
		Name
322	mozilla_pro jects_nss_reference_nss_tools
		certutil mozilla_projects_nss_r eference_nss_tools_:_certutil
323	mozilla_projec ts_nss_reference_troubleshoot
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
324	mozil la_projects_nss_release_notes
		This page lists release notes for older versions of NSS. See mozi lla_projects_nss_nss_releases mozi lla_projects_nss_nss_releases for recent release notes. The links below are provided for historical information.
325	mozilla_ projects_nss_s_mime_functions	NSS
		The public functions listed here perform S/MIME operations using the S/MIME Toolkit.
326	mozil la_projects_nss_ssl_functions	NSS
		The public functions listed here are used to configure sockets for communication via the SSL and TLS protocols. In addition to the functions listed here, applications that support SSL use some of the Certificate functions, Crypto functions, and Utility functions described below on this page.
327	mozilla_pro jects_nss_ssl_functions_gtstd
		This chapter describes how to set up your environment, including certificate and key databases.
328	mozilla_projects_nss_ss l_functions_old_ssl_reference	NSS
		New sgroup:mozilla.dev.tech.cr ypto* Writer: Sean Cotter Manager: Wan-Teh Chang*
329	mozilla_pro jects_nss_ssl_functions_pkfnc
330	mozilla_proj ects_nss_ssl_functions_sslcrt
331	mozilla_proj ects_nss_ssl_functions_sslerr
332	mozilla_proj ects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc
333	mozilla_projec ts_nss_ssl_functions_sslintro
		SSL and related APIs allow compliant applications to configure sockets for authenticated, tamper-proof, and encrypted communications. This chapter introduces some of the basic SSL functions. Chapter 2, “Getting Started With SSL” illustrates their use in sample client and server applications.
334	mozilla_proj ects_nss_ssl_functions_sslkey
335	mozilla_proj ects_nss_ssl_functions_ssltyp
336	mozilla_projects_n ss_tls_cipher_suite_discovery	NSS
		In order to communicate securely, an TLS client and TLS server must agree on the cryptographic algorithms and keys that they will both use on the secured connection. They must agree on these items:
337	:re f:mozilla_projects_nss_tools	NSS
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
338	mozill a_projects_nss_tools_certutil
		Name certutil — Manage keys and certificate in the NSS database. Synopsis certutil [options] arguments Description The Certificate Database Tool, certutil, is a command-line utility that can create and modify certificate and key database files. It can also list, generate, modify, or delete certificates within the database, create or change the password, generate new public and private key pairs, display the contents of the key database, or delete key pairs within the key database. The key and certificate management process generally begins with creating keys in the key database, then generating and managing certificates in the certificate database. This document discusses certificate and key database management. For information security module database management, see the modutil manpages. Options and Arguments Running certutil always requires one (and only one) option to specify the type of certificate operation. Each option may take arguments, anywhere from none to multiple arguments. Run the command option and -H to see the arguments available for each command option. Options Options specify an action and are uppercase. -A Add an existing certificate to a certificate database. The certificate database should already exist; if one is not present, this option will initialize one by default. -B Run a series of commands from the specified batch file. This requires the -i argument. -C Create a new binary certificate file from a binary certificate request file. Use the -i argument to specify the certificate request file. If this argument is not used, certutil prompts for a filename. -D Delete a certificate from the certificate database. -E Add an email certificate to the certificate database. -F Delete a private key from a key database. Specify the key to delete with the -n argument. Specify the database from which to delete the key with the -d argument. Use the -k argument to specify explicitly whether to delete a DSA, RSA, or ECC key. If you don’t use the -k argument, the option looks for an RSA key matching the specified nickname. When you delete keys, be sure to also remove any certificates associated with those keys from the certificate database, by using -D. Some smart cards (for example, the Litronic card) do not let you remove a public key you have generated. In such a case, only the private key is deleted from the key pair. You can display the public key with the command certutil -K -h tokenname. -G Generate a new public and private key pair within a key database. The key database should already exist; if one is not present, this option will initialize one by default. Some smart cards (for example, the Litronic card) can store only one key pair. If you create a new key pair for such a card, the previous pair is overwritten. -H Display a list of the options and arguments used by the Certificate Database Tool. -K List the key ID of keys in the key database. A key ID is the modulus of the RSA key or the publicValue of the DSA key. IDs are displayed in hexadecimal (“0x” is not shown). -L List all the certificates, or display information about a named certificate, in a certificate database. Use the -h tokenname argument to specify the certificate database on a particular hardware or software token. -M Modify a certificate’s trust attributes using the values of the -t argument. -N Create new certificate and key databases. -O Print the certificate chain. -R Create a certificate request file that can be submitted to a Certificate Authority (CA) for processing into a finished certificate. Output defaults to standard out unless you use -o output-file argument. Use the -a argument to specify ASCII output. -S Create an individual certificate and add it to a certificate database. -T Reset the key database or token. -U List all available modules or print a single named module. -V Check the validity of a certificate and its attributes. -W Change the password to a key database. --merge Merge a source database into the target database. This is used to merge legacy NSS databases (cert8.db and key3.db) into the newer SQLite databases (cert9.db and key4.db). --upgrade-merge Upgrade an old database and merge it into a new database. This is used to migrate legacy NSS databases (cert8.db and key3.db) into the newer SQLite databases (cert9.db and key4.db). Arguments Option arguments modify an action and are lowercase. -a Use ASCII format or allow the use of ASCII format for input or output. This formatting follows RFC 1113. For certificate requests, ASCII output defaults to standard output unless redirected. -b validity-time Specify a time at which a certificate is required to be valid. Use when checking certificate validity with the -V option. The format of the validity-time argument is YYMMDDHHMMSS[+HHMM|-HHMM|Z], which allows offsets to be set relative to the validity end time. Specifying seconds (SS) is optional. When specifying an explicit time, use a Z at the end of the term, YYMMDDHHMMSSZ, to close it. When specifying an offset time, use YYMMDDHHMMSS+HHMM or YYMMDDHHMMSS-HHMM for adding or subtracting time, respectively. If this option is not used, the validity check defaults to the current system time. -c issuer Identify the certificate of the CA from which a new certificate will derive its authenticity. Use the exact nickname or alias of the CA certificate, or use the CA’s email address. Bracket the issuer string with quotation marks if it contains spaces. -d [sql:]directory Specify the database directory containing the certificate and key database files. certutil supports two types of databases: the legacy security databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt). If the prefix sql: is not used, then the tool assumes that the given databases are in the old format. -e Check a certificate’s signature during the process of validating a certificate. -f password-file Specify a file that will automatically supply the password to include in a certificate or to access a certificate database. This is a plain-text file containing one password. Be sure to prevent unauthorized access to this file. -g keysize Set a key size to use when generating new public and private key pairs. The minimum is 512 bits and the maximum is 8192 bits. The default is 1024 bits. Any size between the minimum and maximum is allowed. -h tokenname Specify the name of a token to use or act on. Unless specified otherwise the default token is an internal slot (specifically, internal slot 2). This slot can also be explicitly named with the string “internal”. An internal slots is a virtual slot maintained in software, rather than a hardware device. Internal slot 2 is used by key and certificate services. Internal slot 1 is used by cryptographic services. -i input_file Pass an input file to the command. Depending on the command option, an input file can be a specific certificate, a certificate request file, or a batch file of commands. -k rsa|dsa|ec|all Specify the type of a key. The valid options are RSA, DSA, ECC, or all. The default value is rsa. Specifying the type of key can avoid mistakes caused by duplicate nicknames. -k key-type-or-id Specify the type or specific ID of a key. Giving a key type generates a new key pair; giving the ID of an existing key reuses that key pair (which is required to renew certificates). -l Display detailed information when validating a certificate with the -V option. -m serial-number Assign a unique serial number to a certificate being created. This operation should be performed by a CA. The default serial number is 0 (zero). Serial numbers are limited to integers. -n nickname Specify the nickname of a certificate or key to list, create, add to a database, modify, or validate. Bracket the nickname string with quotation marks if it contains spaces. -o output-file Specify the output file name for new certificates or binary certificate requests. Bracket the output-file string with quotation marks if it contains spaces. If this argument is not used the output destination defaults to standard output. -P dbPrefix Specify the prefix used on the certificate and key database file. This option is provided as a special case. Changing the names of the certificate and key databases is not recommended. -p phone Specify a contact telephone number to include in new certificates or certificate requests. Bracket this string with quotation marks if it contains spaces. -q pqgfile Read an alternate PQG value from the specified file when generating DSA key pairs. If this argument is not used, certutil generates its own PQG value. PQG files are created with a separate DSA utility. -q curve-name Set the elliptic curve name to use when generating ECC key pairs. A complete list of ECC curves is given in the help (-H). -r Display a certificate’s binary DER encoding when listing information about that certificate with the -L option. -s subject Identify a particular certificate owner for new certificates or certificate requests. Bracket this string with quotation marks if it contains spaces. The subject identification format follows RFC #1485. -t trustargs Specify the trust attributes to modify in an existing certificate or to apply to a certificate when creating it or adding it to a database. There are three available trust categories for each certificate, expressed in the order SSL, email, object signing for each trust setting. In each category position, use none, any, or all of the attribute codes: o p - Valid peer o P - Trusted peer (implies p) o c - Valid CA o T - Trusted CA to issue client certificates (implies c) o C - Trusted CA to issue server certificates (SSL only) (implies c) o u - Certificate can be used for authentication or signing o w - Send warning (use with other attributes to include a warning when the certificate is used in that context) The attribute codes for the categories are separated by commas, and the entire set of attributes enclosed by quotation marks. For example: -t “TCu,Cu,Tuw” Use the -L option to see a list of the current certificates and trust attributes in a certificate database. -u certusage Specify a usage context to apply when validating a certificate with the -V option. The contexts are the following: o C (as an SSL client) o V (as an SSL server) o S (as an email signer) o R (as an email recipient) o O (as an OCSP status responder) o J (as an object signer) -v valid-months Set the number of months a new certificate will be valid. The validity period begins at the current system time unless an offset is added or subtracted with the -w option. If this argument is not used, the default validity period is three months. When this argument is used, the default three-month period is automatically added to any value given in the valid-month argument. For example, using this option to set a value of 3 would cause 3 to be added to the three-month default, creating a validity period of six months. You can use negative values to reduce the default period. For example, setting a value of -2 would subtract 2 from the default and create a validity period of one month. -w offset-months Set an offset from the current system time, in months, for the beginning of a certificate’s validity period. Use when creating the certificate or adding it to a database. Express the offset in integers, using a minus sign (-) to indicate a negative offset. If this argument is not used, the validity period begins at the current system time. The length of the validity period is set with the -v argument. -X Force the key and certificate database to open in read-write mode. This is used with the -U and -L command options. -x Use certutil to generate the signature for a certificate being created or added to a database, rather than obtaining a signature from a separate CA. -y exp Set an alternate exponent value to use in generating a new RSA public key for the database, instead of the default value of The available alternate values are 3 and 17. -z noise-file Read a seed value from the specified file to generate a new private and public key pair. This argument makes it possible to use hardware-generated seed values or manually create a value from the keyboard. The minimum file size is 20 bytes. -0 SSO_password Set a site security officer password on a token. -1 | –keyUsage keyword,keyword Set a Netscape Certificate Type Extension in the certificate. There are several available keywords: o digital signature o nonRepudiation o keyEncipherment o dataEncipherment o keyAgreement o certSigning o crlSigning o critical -2 Add a basic constraint extension to a certificate that is being created or added to a database. This extension supports the certificate chain verification process. certutil prompts for the certificate constraint extension to select. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. -3 Add an authority key ID extension to a certificate that is being created or added to a database. This extension supports the identification of a particular certificate, from among multiple certificates associated with one subject name, as the correct issuer of a certificate. The Certificate Database Tool will prompt you to select the authority key ID extension. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. -4 Add a CRL distribution point extension to a certificate that is being created or added to a database. This extension identifies the URL of a certificate’s associated certificate revocation list (CRL). certutil prompts for the URL. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. -5 | –nsCertType keyword,keyword Add a Netscape certificate type extension to a certificate that is being created or added to the database. There are several available keywords: o sslClient o sslServer o smime o objectSigning o sslCA o smimeCA o objectSigningCA o critical X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. -6 | –extKeyUsage keyword,keyword Add an extended key usage extension to a certificate that is being created or added to the database. Several keywords are available: o serverAuth o clientAuth o codeSigning o emailProtection o timeStamp o ocspResponder o stepUp o critical X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. -7 emailAddrs Add a comma-separated list of email addresses to the subject alternative name extension of a certificate or certificate request that is being created or added to the database. Subject alternative name extensions are described in Section 4.2.1.7 of RFC 3280. -8 dns-names Add a comma-separated list of DNS names to the subject alternative name extension of a certificate or certificate request that is being created or added to the database. Subject alternative name extensions are described in Section 4.2.1.7 of RFC 3280. --extAIA Add the Authority Information Access extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. --extSIA Add the Subject Information Access extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. --extCP Add the Certificate Policies extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. --extPM Add the Policy Mappings extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. --extPC Add the Policy Constraints extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. --extIA Add the Inhibit Any Policy Access extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. --extSKID Add the Subject Key ID extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280. --source-dir certdir Identify the certificate database directory to upgrade. --source-prefix certdir Give the prefix of the certificate and key databases to upgrade. --upgrade-id uniqueID Give the unique ID of the database to upgrade. --upgrade-token-name name Set the name of the token to use while it is being upgraded. -@ pwfile Give the name of a password file to use for the database being upgraded. Usage and Examples Most of the command options in the examples listed here have more arguments available. The arguments included in these examples are the most common ones or are used to illustrate a specific scenario. Use the -H option to show the complete list of arguments for each command option. Creating New Security Databases Certificates, keys, and security modules related to managing certificates are stored in three related databases: o cert8.db or cert9.db o key3.db or key4.db o secmod.db or pkcs11.txt These databases must be created before certificates or keys can be generated. certutil -N -d [sql:]directory Creating a Certificate Request A certificate request contains most or all of the information that is used to generate the final certificate. This request is submitted separately to a certificate authority and is then approved by some mechanism (automatically or by human review). Once the request is approved, then the certificate is generated. $ certutil -R -k key-type-or-id [-q pqgfile|curve-name] -g key-size -s subject [-h tokenname] -d [sql:]directory [-p phone] [-o output-file] [-a] The -R command options requires four arguments: o -k to specify either the key type to generate or, when renewing a certificate, the existing key pair to use o -g to set the keysize of the key to generate o -s to set the subject name of the certificate o -d to give the security database directory The new certificate request can be output in ASCII format (-a) or can be written to a specified file (-o). For example: $ certutil -R -k ec -q nistb409 -g 512 -s “CN=John Smith,O=Example Corp,L=Mountain View,ST=California,C=US” -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -p 650-555-0123 -a -o cert.cer Generating key. This may take a few moments… Certificate request generated by Netscape Phone: 650-555-0123 Common Name: John Smith Email: (not ed) Organization: Example Corp State: California Country: US —–BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST—– MIIB IDCBywIBADBmMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUz ETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTEW MBQG A1UEBxMNTW91bnRhaW4gVmlldzEVMB MGA1UEChMMRXhhbXBsZSBDb3JwMRMw EQYD VQQDEwpKb2huIFNtaXRoMFwwDQYJKo ZIhvcNAQEBBQADSwAwSAJBAMVUpDOZ KmHn Ox7reP8Cc0Lk+fFWEuYIDX9W5K/Bio QOKvEjXyQZhit9aThzBVMoSf1Y1S8J CzdU bCg1+IbnXaECAwEAAaAAMA0GCSqGSI b3DQEBBQUAA0EAryqZvpYrUtQ486Ny qmty QNjIi1F8c1Z+TL4uFYlMg8z6LG/J/u 1E5t1QqB5e9Q4+BhRbrQjRR1JZx3tB 1hP9Gg== —–END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST—– Creating a Certificate A valid certificate must be issued by a trusted CA. This can be done by specifying a CA certificate (-c) that is stored in the certificate database. If a CA key pair is not available, you can create a self-signed certificate using the -x argument with the -S command option. $ certutil -S -k rsa|dsa|ec -n certname -s subject [-c issuer |-x] -t trustargs -d [sql:]directory [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] [-p phone] [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names] [–extAIA] [–extSIA] [–extCP] [–extPM] [–extPC] [–extIA] [–extSKID] The series of numbers and –ext* options set certificate extensions that can be added to the certificate when it is generated by the CA. For example, this creates a self-signed certificate: $ certutil -S -s “CN=Example CA” -n my-ca-cert -x -t “C,C,C” -1 -2 -5 -m 3650 From there, new certificates can reference the self-signed certificate: $ certutil -S -s “CN=My Server Cert” -n my-server-cert -c “my-ca-cert” -t “u,u,u” -1 -5 -6 -8 -m 730 Generating a Certificate from a Certificate Request When a certificate request is created, a certificate can be generated by using the request and then referencing a certificate authority signing certificate (the issuer specified in the -c argument). The issuing certificate must be in the certificate database in the specified directory. certutil -C -c issuer -i cert-request-file -o output-file [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] -d [sql:]directory [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names] For example: $ certutil -C -c “my-ca-cert” -i /home/certs/cert.req -o cert.cer -m 010 -v 12 -w 1 -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -1 n onRepudiation,dataEncipherment -5 sslClient -6 clientAuth -7 jsmith@example.com Generating Key Pairs Key pairs are generated automatically with a certificate request or certificate, but they can also be generated independently using the -G command option. certutil -G -d [sql:]directory | -h tokenname -k key-type -g key-size [-y exponent-value] -q pqgfile|curve-name For example: $ certutil -G -h lunasa -k ec -g 256 -q sect193r2 Listing Certificates The -L command option lists all of the certificates listed in the certificate database. The path to the directory (-d) is required. $ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb Certificate Nickname Trust Attributes SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI CA Administrator of Instance pki-ca1’s Example Domain ID u,u,u TPS Administrator’s Example Domain ID u,u,u Google Internet Authority ,, Certificate Authority - Example Domain CT,C,C Using additional arguments with -L can return and print the information for a single, specific certificate. For example, the -n argument passes the certificate name, while the -a argument prints the certificate in ASCII format: $ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -a -n “Certificate Authority - Example Domain” —–BEGIN CERTIFICATE—– MIID mTCCAoGgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w 0BAQUFADA5MRcwFQYDVQQKEw5FeGFt cGxl IERvbWFpbjEeMBwGA1UEAxMVQ2VydG lmaWNhdGUgQXV0aG9yaXR5MB4XDTEw MDQy OTIxNTY1OFoXDTEyMDQxODIxNTY1OF owOTEXMBUGA1UEChMORXhhbXBsZSBE b21h aW4xHjAcBgNVBAMTFUNlcnRpZmljYX RlIEF1dGhvcml0eTCCASIwDQYJKoZI hvcN AQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAO/bqU li2KwqXFKmMMG93KN1SANzNTXA/Vlf Tmri h3hQgjvR1ktIY9aG6cB7DSKWmtHp/+ p4PUCMqL4ZrSGt901qxkePyZ2dYmM2 Rnel K+SEUIPiUtoZaDhNdiYsE/yuDE8vQW j0vHCVL0w72qFUcSQ/WZT7FCrnUIUI udeW noPSUn70gLhcj/lvxl7K9BHyD4Sq5C zktwYtFWLiiwV+ZY/Fl6JgbGaQyQB2 bP4i RMfloGqsxGuB1evWVDF1haGpFDSPgM nEPSLg3/3dXn+HDJbZ29EU8/xKzQEb 3V0A HKbu80zGllLEt2Zx/WDIrgJEN9yMfg KFpcmL+BvIRsmh0VsCAwEAAaOBqzCB qDAf BgNVHSMEGDAWgBQATgxHQyRUfKIZtd p55bZlFr+tFzAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTAD AQH/ MA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBxjAdBgNVHQ 4EFgQUAE4MR0MkVHyiGbXaeeW2ZRa/ rRcw RQYIKwYBBQUHAQEEOTA3MDUGCCsGAQ UFBzABhilodHRwOi8vbG9jYWxob3N0 Lmxv Y2FsZG9tYWluOjkxODAvY2Evb2NzcD ANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAi8Gk L3XO 43u7/TDOeEsWPmq+jZsDZ3GZ85Ajt3 KROLWeKVZZZa2E2Hnsvf2uXbk5amKe lRxd SeRH9g85pv4KY7Z8xZ71NrI3+K3uwm nqkc6t0hhYb1mw/gx8OAAoluQx3biX JBDx jI73Cf7XUopplHBjjiwyGIJUO8BEZJ 5L+TF4P38MJz1snLtzZpEAX5bl0U76 bfu/ tZFWBbE8YAWYtkCtMcalBPj6jn2WD3 M01kGozW4mmbvsj1cRB9HnsGsqyHCu U0uj lL1H/RWcjn607+CTeKH9jLMUqCIqPJ NOa+kq/6F7NhNRRiuzASIbZc30BZ5a nI7q5n1USM3eWQlVXw== —–END CERTIFICATE—– Listing Keys Keys are the original material used to encrypt certificate data. The keys generated for certificates are stored separately, in the key database. To list all keys in the database, use the -K command option and the (required) -d argument to give the path to the directory. $ certutil -K -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb certutil: Checking token “NSS Certificate DB” in slot “NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services “ < 0> rsa 455a6673bde9 375c2887ec8bf8016b3f9f35861d Thawte Freemail Member’s Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID < 1> rsa 40defeeb522a de11090eacebaaf1196a172127df Example Domain Administrator Cert < 2> rsa 1d0b06f44f6c 03842f7d4f4a1dc78b3bcd1b85a5 John Smith user cert There are ways to narrow the keys listed in the search results: o To return a specific key, use the -n name argument with the name of the key. o If there are multiple security devices loaded, then the -h tokenname argument can search a specific token or all tokens. o If there are multiple key types available, then the -k key-type argument can search a specific type of key, like RSA, DSA, or ECC. Listing Security Modules The devices that can be used to store certificates – both internal databases and external devices like smart cards – are recognized and used by loading security modules. The -U command option lists all of the security modules listed in the secmod.db database. The path to the directory (-d) is required. $ certutil -U -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services token: NSS Certificate DB slot: NSS Internal Cryptographic Services token: NSS Generic Crypto Services Adding Certificates to the Database Existing certificates or certificate requests can be added manually to the certificate database, even if they were generated elsewhere. This uses the -A command option. certutil -A -n certname -t trustargs -d [sql:]directory [-a] [-i input-file] For example: $ certutil -A -n “CN=My SSL Certificate” -t “u,u,u” -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -i /home/example-certs/cert.cer A related command option, -E, is used specifically to add email certificates to the certificate database. The -E command has the same arguments as the -A command. The trust arguments for certificates have the format SSL,S/MIME,Code-signing, so the middle trust settings relate most to email certificates (though the others can be set). For example: $ certutil -E -n “CN=John Smith Email Cert” -t “,Pu,” -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -i /home/example-certs/email.cer Deleting Certificates to the Database Certificates can be deleted from a database using the -D option. The only required options are to give the security database directory and to identify the certificate nickname. certutil -D -d [sql:]directory -n “nickname” For example: $ certutil -D -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -n “my-ssl-cert” Validating Certificates A certificate contains an expiration date in itself, and expired certificates are easily rejected. However, certificates can also be revoked before they hit their expiration date. Checking whether a certificate has been revoked requires validating the certificate. Validation can also be used to ensure that the certificate is only used for the purposes it was initially issued for. Validation is carried out by the -V command option. certutil -V -n certificate-name [-b time] [-e] [-u cert-usage] -d [sql:]directory For example, to validate an email certificate: $ certutil -V -n “John Smith’s Email Cert” -e -u S,R -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb Modifying Certificate Trust Settings The trust settings (which relate to the operations that a certificate is allowed to be used for) can be changed after a certificate is created or added to the database. This is especially useful for CA certificates, but it can be performed for any type of certificate. certutil -M -n certificate-name -t trust-args -d [sql:]directory For example: $ certutil -M -n “My CA Certificate” -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -t “CTu,CTu,CTu” Printing the Certificate Chain Certificates can be issued in chains because every certificate authority itself has a certificate; when a CA issues a certificate, it essentially stamps that certificate with its own fingerprint. The -O prints the full chain of a certificate, going from the initial CA (the root CA) through ever intermediary CA to the actual certificate. For example, for an email certificate with two CAs in the chain: $ certutil -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -O -n “jsmith@example.com” “Builtin Object Token:Thawte Personal Freemail CA” [E=personal -freemail@thawte.com,CN=Thawte Personal Freemail CA,OU=Certification Services Division,O=Thawte Consulting,L=Cape Town,ST=Western Cape,C=ZA] “Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA - Thawte Consulting” [CN=Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA,O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd.,C=ZA] “(null)” [ E=jsmith@example.com,CN=Thawte Freemail Member] Resetting a Token The device which stores certificates – both external hardware devices and internal software databases – can be blanked and reused. This operation is performed on the device which stores the data, not directly on the security databases, so the location must be referenced through the token name (-h) as well as any directory path. If there is no external token used, the default value is internal. certutil -T -d [sql:]directory -h token-name -0 security-officer-password Many networks have dedicated personnel who handle changes to security tokens (the security officer). This person must supply the password to access the specified token. For example: $ certutil -T -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -h nethsm -0 secret Upgrading or Merging the Security Databases Many networks or applications may be using older BerkeleyDB versions of the certificate database (cert8.db). Databases can be upgraded to the new SQLite version of the database (cert9.db) using the –upgrade-merge command option or existing databases can be merged with the new cert9.db databases using the —merge command. The –upgrade-merge command must give information about the original database and then use the standard arguments (like -d) to give the information about the new databases. The command also requires information that the tool uses for the process to upgrade and write over the original database. certutil –upgrade-merge -d [sql:]directory [-P dbprefix] –source-dir directory –source-prefix dbprefix –upgrade-id id –upgrade-token-name name [-@ password-file] For example: $ certutil –upgrade-merge -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb –source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ –source-prefix serverapp- –upgrade-id 1 –upgrade-token-name internal The –merge command only requires information about the location of the original database; since it doesn’t change the format of the database, it can write over information without performing interim step. certutil –merge -d [sql:]directory [-P dbprefix] –source-dir directory –source-prefix dbprefix [-@ password-file] For example: $ certutil –merge -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb –source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ –source-prefix serverapp- Running certutil Commands from a Batch File A series of commands can be run sequentially from a text file with the -B command option. The only argument for this specifies the input file. $ certutil -B -i /path/to/batch-file NSS Database Types NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information. The last versions of these legacy databases are: o cert8.db for certificates o key3.db for keys o secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly shared security database. In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases rather than BerkleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and performance: o cert9.db for certificates o key4.db for keys o pkcs11.txt, which is listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules contained in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy format is included for backward compatibility. By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the given security directory. For example: $ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql: export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE=”sql” This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change permanent. Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases: o https://wiki.m ozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see the NSS project wiki: o https:// wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB See Also pk12util (1) modutil (1) certutil has arguments or operations that use features defined in several IETF RFCs. o http://tools.ietf.org/htm l/rfc5280 o http://tools.ietf.org/htm l/rfc1113 o http://tools.ietf.org/htm l/rfc1485 The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to configure applications to use it. o https://wiki.m ozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto o https:// wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB Additional Resources For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check out the NSS project wiki at [1]http://www.mozil la.org/projects/security/pki/n ss/. The NSS site relates directly to NSS code changes and releases. Mailing lists: https://lists.mozill a.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki Authors The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red Hat, and Sun. Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey <dlackey@redhat.com>. Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2. References Visible links 1. http://www.mozi lla.org/projects/security/pki/ nss/
339	mozil la_projects_nss_tools_cmsutil
		Name cmsutil — Performs basic cryptograpic operations, such as encryption and decryption, on Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) messages. Synopsis cmsutil [options] arguments Description The cmsutil command-line uses the S/MIME Toolkit to perform basic operations, such as encryption and decryption, on Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) messages. To run cmsutil, type the command cmsutil option [arguments] where option and arguments are combinations of the options and arguments listed in the following section. Each command takes one option. Each option may take zero or more arguments. To see a usage string, issue the command without options. Options and Arguments Options Options specify an action. Option arguments modify an action. The options and arguments for the cmsutil command are defined as follows: -D Decode a message. -C Encrypt a message. -E Envelope a message. -O Create a certificates-only message. -S Sign a message. Arguments Option arguments modify an action and are lowercase. -c content Use this detached content (decode only). -d dbdir Specify the key/certificate database directory (default is “.”) -e envfile Specify a file containing an enveloped message for a set of recipients to which you would like to send an encrypted message. If this is the first encrypted message for that set of recipients, a new enveloped message will be created that you can then use for future messages (encrypt only). -G Include a signing time attribute (sign only). -h num Generate email headers with info about CMS message (decode only). -i infile Use infile as a source of data (default is stdin). -N nickname Specify nickname of certificate to sign with (sign only). -n Suppress output of contents (decode only). -o outfile Use outfile as a destination of data (default is stdout). -P Include an S/MIME capabilities attribute. -p password Use password as key database password. -r recipient1,recipient2, … Specify list of recipients (email addresses) for an encrypted or enveloped message. For certificates-only message, list of certificates to send. -T Suppress content in CMS message (sign only). -u certusage Set type of cert usage (default is certUsageEmailSigner). -Y ekprefnick Specify an encryption key preference by nickname. Usage Encrypt Example cmsutil -C [-i infile] [-o outfile] [-d dbdir] [-p password] -r “recipient1,recipient2, …” -e envfile Decode Example cmsutil -D [-i infile] [-o outfile] [-d dbdir] [-p password] [-c content] [-n] [-h num] Envelope Example cmsutil -E [-i infile] [-o outfile] [-d dbdir] [-p password] -r “recipient1,recipient2, …” Certificate-only Example cmsutil -O [-i infile] [-o outfile] [-d dbdir] [-p password] -r “cert1,cert2, . . .” Sign Message Example cmsutil -S [-i infile] [-o outfile] [-d dbdir] [-p password] -N nickname[-TGP] [-Y ekprefnick] See also certutil(1) See Also Additional Resources NSS is maintained in conjunction with PKI and security-related projects through Mozilla dn Fedora. The most closely-related project is Dogtag PKI, with a project wiki at [1]http: //pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/. For information specifically about NSS, the NSS project wiki is located at [2]http://www.mozil la.org/projects/security/pki/n ss/. The NSS site relates directly to NSS code changes and releases. Mailing lists: pki-devel@redhat.com and pki-users@redhat.com IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki Authors The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape and now with Red Hat. Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey <dlackey@redhat.com>. Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2. References Visible links 1. http ://pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/ http://www.mozi lla.org/projects/security/pki/ nss/
340	mozil la_projects_nss_tools_crlutil
		Name crlutil — List, generate, modify, or delete CRLs within the NSS security database file(s) and list, create, modify or delete certificates entries in a particular CRL. Synopsis crlutil [options] arguments Description The Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management Tool, crlutil, is a command-line utility that can list, generate, modify, or delete CRLs within the NSS security database file(s) and list, create, modify or delete certificates entries in a particular CRL. The key and certificate management process generally begins with creating keys in the key database, then generating and managing certificates in the certificate database(see certutil tool) and continues with certificates expiration or revocation. This document discusses certificate revocation list management. For information on security module database management, see Using the Security Module Database Tool. For information on certificate and key database management, see Using the Certificate Database Tool. To run the Certificate Revocation List Management Tool, type the command crlutil option [arguments] where options and arguments are combinations of the options and arguments listed in the following section. Each command takes one option. Each option may take zero or more arguments. To see a usage string, issue the command without options, or with the -H option. Options and Arguments Options Options specify an action. Option arguments modify an action. The options and arguments for the crlutil command are defined as follows: -G Create new Certificate Revocation List(CRL). -D Delete Certificate Revocation List from cert database. -I Import a CRL to the cert database -E Erase all CRLs of specified type from the cert database -L List existing CRL located in cert database file. -M Modify existing CRL which can be located in cert db or in arbitrary file. If located in file it should be encoded in ASN.1 encode format. -G Arguments Option arguments modify an action and are lowercase. -B Bypass CA signature checks. -P dbprefix Specify the prefix used on the NSS security database files (for example, my_cert8.db and my_key3.db). This option is provided as a special case. Changing the names of the certificate and key databases is not recommended. -a Use ASCII format or allow the use of ASCII format for input and output. This formatting follows RFC #1113. -c crl-gen-file Specify script file that will be used to control crl generation/modification. See crl-cript-file format below. If options -M|-G is used and -c crl-script-file is not specified, crlutil will read script data from standard input. -d directory Specify the database directory containing the certificate and key database files. On Unix the Certificate Database Tool defaults to $HOME/.netscape (that is, ~/.netscape). On Windows NT the default is the current directory. The NSS database files must reside in the same directory. -i crl-import-file Specify the file which contains the CRL to import -f password-file Specify a file that will automatically supply the password to include in a certificate or to access a certificate database. This is a plain-text file containing one password. Be sure to prevent unauthorized access to this file. -l algorithm-name Specify a specific signature algorithm. List of possible algorithms: MD2 | MD4 | MD5 | SHA1 | SHA256 | SHA384 | SHA512 -n nickname Specify the nickname of a certificate or key to list, create, add to a database, modify, or validate. Bracket the nickname string with quotation marks if it contains spaces. -o output-file Specify the output file name for new CRL. Bracket the output-file string with quotation marks if it contains spaces. If this argument is not used the output destination defaults to standard output. -t crl-type Specify type of CRL. possible types are: 0 - SEC_KRL_TYPE, 1 - SEC_CRL_TYPE. This option is obsolete -u url Specify the url. CRL Generation script syntax CRL generation script file has the following syntax: * Line with comments should have # as a first symbol of a line * Set “this update” or “next update” CRL fields: update=YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ nextupdate=YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ Field “next update” is optional. Time should be in GeneralizedTime format (YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ). For example: 20050204153000Z * Add an extension to a CRL or a crl certificate entry: addext extension-name critical/non-critical [arg1[arg2 …]] Where: extension-name: string value of a name of known extensions. critical/non-critical: is 1 when extension is critical and 0 otherwise. arg1, arg2: specific to extension type extension parameters addext uses the range that was set earlier by addcert and will install an extension to every cert entries within the range. * Add certificate entries(s) to CRL: addcert range date range: two integer values separated by dash: range of certificates that will be added by this command. dash is used as a delimiter. Only one cert will be added if there is no delimiter. date: revocation date of a cert. Date should be represented in GeneralizedTime format (YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ). * Remove certificate entry(s) from CRL rmcert range Where: range: two integer values separated by dash: range of certificates that will be added by this command. dash is used as a delimiter. Only one cert will be added if there is no delimiter. * Change range of certificate entry(s) in CRL range new-range Where: new-range: two integer values separated by dash: range of certificates that will be added by this command. dash is used as a delimiter. Only one cert will be added if there is no delimiter. Implemented Extensions The extensions defined for CRL provide methods for associating additional attributes with CRLs of theirs entries. For more information see RFC #3280 * Add The Authority Key Identifier extension: The authority key identifier extension provides a means of identifying the public key corresponding to the private key used to sign a CRL. authKeyId critical [key-id | dn cert-serial] Where: authKeyIdent: identifies the name of an extension critical: value of 1 of Should be set to 1 if this extension is critical or 0 otherwise. key-id: key identifier represented in octet string. dn:: is a CA distinguished name cert-serial: authority certificate serial number. * Add Issuer Alternative Name extension: The issuer alternative names extension allows additional identities to be associated with the issuer of the CRL. Defined options include an rfc822 name (electronic mail address), a DNS name, an IP address, and a URI. issuerAltNames non-critical name-list Where: subjAltNames: identifies the name of an extension should be set to 0 since this is non-critical extension name-list: comma separated list of names * Add CRL Number extension: The CRL number is a non-critical CRL extension which conveys a monotonically increasing sequence number for a given CRL scope and CRL issuer. This extension allows users to easily determine when a particular CRL supersedes another CRL crlNumber non-critical number Where: crlNumber: identifies the name of an extension critical: should be set to 0 since this is non-critical extension number: value of long which identifies the sequential number of a CRL. * Add Revocation Reason Code extension: The reasonCode is a non-critical CRL entry extension that identifies the reason for the certificate revocation. reasonCode non-critical code Where: reasonCode: identifies the name of an extension non-critical: should be set to 0 since this is non-critical extension code: the following codes are available: unspecified (0), keyCompromise (1), cACompromise (2), affiliationChanged (3), superseded (4), cessationOfOperation (5), certificateHold (6), removeFromCRL (8), privilegeWithdrawn (9), aACompromise (10) * Add Invalidity Date extension: The invalidity date is a non-critical CRL entry extension that provides the date on which it is known or suspected that the private key was compromised or that the certificate otherwise became invalid. invalidityDate non-critical date Where: crlNumber: identifies the name of an extension non-critical: should be set to 0 since this is non-critical extension date: invalidity date of a cert. Date should be represented in GeneralizedTime format (YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ). Usage The Certificate Revocation List Management Tool’s capabilities are grouped as follows, using these combinations of options and arguments. Options and arguments in square brackets are optional, those without square brackets are required. See “Implemented extensions” for more information regarding extensions and their parameters. * Creating or modifying a CRL: crlutil -G|-M -c crl-gen-file -n nickname [-i crl] [-u url] [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix] [-l alg] [-a] [-B] * Listing all CRls or a named CRL: crlutil -L [-n crl-name] [-d krydir] * Deleting CRL from db: crlutil -D -n nickname [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix] * Erasing CRLs from db: crlutil -E [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix] * Deleting CRL from db: crlutil -D -n nickname [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix] * Erasing CRLs from db: crlutil -E [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix] * Import CRL from file: crlutil -I -i crl [-t crlType] [-u url] [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix] [-B] See also certutil(1) See Also Additional Resources NSS is maintained in conjunction with PKI and security-related projects through Mozilla dn Fedora. The most closely-related project is Dogtag PKI, with a project wiki at [1]http: //pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/. For information specifically about NSS, the NSS project wiki is located at [2]http://www.mozil la.org/projects/security/pki/n ss/. The NSS site relates directly to NSS code changes and releases. Mailing lists: pki-devel@redhat.com and pki-users@redhat.com IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki Authors The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape and now with Red Hat. Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey <dlackey@redhat.com>. Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2. References Visible links 1. http ://pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/ http://www.mozi lla.org/projects/security/pki/ nss/
341	mozil la_projects_nss_tools_modutil
		Name modutil — Manage PKCS #11 module information within the security module database. Synopsis modutil [options] arguments Description The Security Module Database Tool, modutil, is a command-line utility for managing PKCS #11 module information both within secmod.db files and within hardware tokens. modutil can add and delete PKCS #11 modules, change passwords on security databases, set defaults, list module contents, enable or disable slots, enable or disable FIPS 140-2 compliance, and assign default providers for cryptographic operations. This tool can also create certificate, key, and module security database files. The tasks associated with security module database management are part of a process that typically also involves managing key databases and certificate databases. Options Running modutil always requires one (and only one) option to specify the type of module operation. Each option may take arguments, anywhere from none to multiple arguments. Options -add modulename Add the named PKCS #11 module to the database. Use this option with the -libfile, -ciphers, and -mechanisms arguments. -changepw tokenname Change the password on the named token. If the token has not been initialized, this option initializes the password. Use this option with the -pwfile and -newpwfile arguments. A password is equivalent to a personal identification number (PIN). -chkfips Verify whether the module is in the given FIPS mode. true means to verify that the module is in FIPS mode, while false means to verify that the module is not in FIPS mode. -create Create new certificate, key, and module databases. Use the -dbdir directory argument to specify a directory. If any of these databases already exist in a specified directory, modutil returns an error message. -default modulename Specify the security mechanisms for which the named module will be a default provider. The security mechanisms are specified with the -mechanisms argument. -delete modulename Delete the named module. The default NSS PKCS #11 module cannot be deleted. -disable modulename Disable all slots on the named module. Use the -slot argument to disable a specific slot. -enable modulename Enable all slots on the named module. Use the -slot argument to enable a specific slot. -fips [true | false] Enable (true) or disable (false) FIPS 140-2 compliance for the default NSS module. -force Disable modutil’s interactive prompts so it can be run from a script. Use this option only after manually testing each planned operation to check for warnings and to ensure that bypassing the prompts will cause no security lapses or loss of database integrity. -jar JAR-file Add a new PKCS #11 module to the database using the named JAR file. Use this command with the -installdir and -tempdir arguments. The JAR file uses the NSS PKCS #11 JAR format to identify all the files to be installed, the module’s name, the mechanism flags, and the cipher flags, as well as any files to be installed on the target machine, including the PKCS #11 module library file and other files such as documentation. This is covered in the JAR installation file section in the man page, which details the special script needed to perform an installation through a server or with modutil. -list [modulename] Display basic information about the contents of the secmod.db file. Specifying a modulename displays detailed information about a particular module and its slots and tokens. -rawadd Add the module spec string to the secmod.db database. -rawlist Display the module specs for a specified module or for all loadable modules. -undefault modulename Specify the security mechanisms for which the named module will not be a default provider. The security mechanisms are specified with the -mechanisms argument. Arguments MODULE Give the security module to access. MODULESPEC Give the security module spec to load into the security database. -ciphers cipher-enable-list Enable specific ciphers in a module that is being added to the database. The cipher-enable-list is a colon-delimited list of cipher names. Enclose this list in quotation marks if it contains spaces. -dbdir [sql:]directory Specify the database directory in which to access or create security module database files. modutil supports two types of databases: the legacy security databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt). If the prefix sql: is not used, then the tool assumes that the given databases are in the old format. --dbprefix prefix Specify the prefix used on the database files, such as my_ for my_cert8.db. This option is provided as a special case. Changing the names of the certificate and key databases is not recommended. -installdir root-installation-directory Specify the root installation directory relative to which files will be installed by the -jar option. This directory should be one below which it is appropriate to store dynamic library files, such as a server’s root directory. -libfile library-file Specify a path to a library file containing the implementation of the PKCS #11 interface module that is being added to the database. -mechanisms mechanism-list Specify the security mechanisms for which a particular module will be flagged as a default provider. The mechanism-list is a colon-delimited list of mechanism names. Enclose this list in quotation marks if it contains spaces. The module becomes a default provider for the listed mechanisms when those mechanisms are enabled. If more than one module claims to be a particular mechanism’s default provider, that mechanism’s default provider is undefined. modutil supports several mechanisms: RSA, DSA, RC2, RC4, RC5, AES, DES, DH, SHA1, SHA256, SHA512, SSL, TLS, MD5, MD2, RANDOM (for random number generation), and FRIENDLY (meaning certificates are publicly readable). -newpwfile new-password-file Specify a text file containing a token’s new or replacement password so that a password can be entered automatically with the -changepw option. -nocertdb Do not open the certificate or key databases. This has several effects: o With the -create command, only a module security file is created; certificate and key databases are not created. o With the -jar command, signatures on the JAR file are not checked. o With the -changepw command, the password on the NSS internal module cannot be set or changed, since this password is stored in the key database. -pwfile old-password-file Specify a text file containing a token’s existing password so that a password can be entered automatically when the -changepw option is used to change passwords. -secmod secmodname Give the name of the security module database (like secmod.db) to load. -slot slotname Specify a particular slot to be enabled or disabled with the -enable or -disable options. -string CONFIG_STRING Pass a configuration string for the module being added to the database. -tempdir temporary-directory Give a directory location where temporary files are created during the installation by the -jar option. If no temporary directory is specified, the current directory is used. Usage and Examples Creating Database Files Before any operations can be performed, there must be a set of security databases available. modutil can be used to create these files. The only required argument is the database that where the databases will be located. modutil -create -dbdir [sql:]directory Adding a Cryptographic Module Adding a PKCS #11 module means submitting a supporting library file, enabling its ciphers, and setting default provider status for various security mechanisms. This can be done by supplying all of the information through modutil directly or by running a JAR file and install script. For the most basic case, simply upload the library: modutil -add modulename -libfile library-file [-ciphers cipher-enable-list] [-mechanisms mechanism-list] For example: modutil -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -add “Example PKCS #11 Module” -libfile “/tmp/crypto.so” -mechanisms RSA:DSA:RC2:RANDOM Using database directory … Module “Example PKCS #11 Module” added to database. Installing a Cryptographic Module from a JAR File PKCS #11 modules can also be loaded using a JAR file, which contains all of the required libraries and an installation script that describes how to install the module. The JAR install script is described in more detail in [1]the section called “JAR Installation File Format”. The JAR installation script defines the setup information for each platform that the module can be installed on. For example: Platforms { Linux:5.4.08:x86 { ModuleName { “Example PKCS #11 Module” } ModuleFile { crypto.so } DefaultMechanismFlags{0x0000} CipherEnableFlags{0x0000} Files { crypto.so { Path{ /tmp/crypto.so } } setup.sh { Executable Path{ /tmp/setup.sh } } } } Linux:6.0.0:x86 { EquivalentPlatform { Linux:5.4.08:x86 } } } Both the install script and the required libraries must be bundled in a JAR file, which is specified with the -jar argument. modutil -dbdir sql:/home/mt “jar-install-filey/sharednssdb -jar install.jar -installdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb This installation JAR file was signed by: **SUBJECT NAME** C=US, ST=California, L=Mountain View, CN=Cryptorific Inc., OU=Digital ID Class 3 - Netscape Object Signing, OU=”w ww.verisign.com/repository/CPS Incorp. by Ref.,LIAB.LTD(c)9 6”, OU=www.verisign.com/CPS Incorp.by Ref . LIABILITY LTD.(c)97 VeriSign, OU=VeriSign Object Signing CA - Class 3 Organization, OU=”VeriSign, Inc.”, O=VeriSign Trust Network **ISSUER NAME**, OU=www.verisign.com/CPS Incorp.by Ref. LIABILITY LTD.(c)97 VeriSign, OU=VeriSign Object Signing CA - Class 3 Organization, OU=”VeriSign, Inc.”, O=VeriSign Trust Network Do you wish to continue this installation? (y/n) y Using installer script “installer_script” Successfully parsed installation script Current platform is Linux:5.4.08:x86 Using installation parameters for platform Linux:5.4.08:x86 Installed file crypto.so to /tmp/crypto.so Installed file setup.sh to ./pk11inst.dir/setup.sh Executing “./pk11inst.dir/setup.sh”… “./pk11inst.dir/setup.sh” executed successfully Installed module “Example PKCS #11 Module” into module database Installation completed successfully Adding Module Spec Each module has information stored in the security database about its configuration and parameters. These can be added or edited using the -rawadd command. For the current settings or to see the format of the module spec in the database, use the -rawlist option. modutil -rawadd modulespec Deleting a Module A specific PKCS #11 module can be deleted from the secmod.db database: modutil -delete modulename -dbdir [sql:]directory Displaying Module Information The secmod.db database contains information about the PKCS #11 modules that are available to an application or server to use. The list of all modules, information about specific modules, and database configuration specs for modules can all be viewed. To simply get a list of modules in the database, use the -list command. modutil -list [modulename] -dbdir [sql:]directory Listing the modules shows the module name, their status, and other associated security databases for certificates and keys. For example: modutil -list -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module slots: 2 slots attached status: loaded slot: NSS Internal Cryptographic Services token: NSS Generic Crypto Services slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services token: NSS Certificate DB Passing a specific module name with the -list returns details information about the module itself, like supported cipher mechanisms, version numbers, serial numbers, and other information about the module and the token it is loaded on. For example: modutil -list “NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module” -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb Name: NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module Library file: **Internal ONLY module** Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation Description: NSS Internal Crypto Services PKCS #11 Version 2.20 Library Version: 3.11 Cipher Enable Flags: None Default Mechanism Flags: RSA:RC2:RC4:D ES:DH:SHA1:MD5:MD2:SSL:TLS:AES Slot: NSS Internal Cryptographic Services Slot Mechanism Flags: RSA:RC2:RC4:D ES:DH:SHA1:MD5:MD2:SSL:TLS:AES Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation Type: Software Version Number: 3.11 Firmware Version: 0.0 Status: Enabled Token Name: NSS Generic Crypto Services Token Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation Token Model: NSS 3 Token Serial Number: 0000000000000000 Token Version: 4.0 Token Firmware Version: 0.0 Access: Write Protected Login Type: Public (no login required) User Pin: NOT Initialized Slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services Slot Mechanism Flags: None Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation Type: Software Version Number: 3.11 Firmware Version: 0.0 Status: Enabled Token Name: NSS Certificate DB Token Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation Token Model: NSS 3 Token Serial Number: 0000000000000000 Token Version: 8.3 Token Firmware Version: 0.0 Access: NOT Write Protected Login Type: Login required User Pin: Initialized A related command, -rawlist returns information about the database configuration for the modules. (This information can be edited by loading new specs using the -rawadd command.) modutil -rawlist -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb name=”NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module” parameters=”configdir=. certPrefix= keyPrefix= secmod=secmod.db flags=readOnly ” NSS=”trustOrder=75 cipherOrder=100 slotParams={0x00000001=[ slotFlags=RSA,RC4,RC2,DES,DH,S HA1,MD5,MD2,SSL,TLS,AES,RANDOM askpw=any timeout=30 ] } Flags=internal,critical” Setting a Default Provider for Security Mechanisms Multiple security modules may provide support for the same security mechanisms. It is possible to set a specific security module as the default provider for a specific security mechanism (or, conversely, to prohibit a provider from supplying those mechanisms). modutil -default modulename -mechanisms mechanism-list To set a module as the default provider for mechanisms, use the -default command with a colon-separated list of mechanisms. The available mechanisms depend on the module; NSS supplies almost all common mechanisms. For example: modutil -default “NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module” -dbdir -mechanisms RSA:DSA:RC2 Using database directory c:databases… Successfully changed defaults. Clearing the default provider has the same format: modutil -undefault “NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module” -dbdir -mechanisms MD2:MD5 Enabling and Disabling Modules and Slots Modules, and specific slots on modules, can be selectively enabled or disabled using modutil. Both commands have the same format: modutil -enable|-disable modulename [-slot slotname] For example: modutil -enable “NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module” -slot “NSS Internal Cryptographic Servi ces ” -dbdir . Slot “NSS Internal Cryptographic Servi ces ” enabled. Be sure that the appropriate amount of trailing whitespace is after the slot name. Some slot names have a significant amount of whitespace that must be included, or the operation will fail. Enabling and Verifying FIPS Compliance The NSS modules can have FIPS 140-2 compliance enabled or disabled using modutil with the -fips option. For example: modutil -fips true -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb/ FIPS mode enabled. To verify that status of FIPS mode, run the -chkfips command with either a true or false flag (it doesn’t matter which). The tool returns the current FIPS setting. modutil -chkfips false -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb/ FIPS mode enabled. Changing the Password on a Token Initializing or changing a token’s password: modutil -changepw tokenname [-pwfile old-password-file] [-newpwfile new-password-file] modutil -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -changepw “NSS Certificate DB” Enter old password: Incorrect password, try again… Enter old password: Enter new password: Re-enter new password: Token “Communicator Certificate DB” password changed successfully. JAR Installation File Format When a JAR file is run by a server, by modutil, or by any program that does not interpret JavaScript, a special information file must be included to install the libraries. There are several things to keep in mind with this file: o It must be declared in the JAR archive’s manifest file. o The script can have any name. o The metainfo tag for this is Pkcs11_install_script. To declare meta-information in the manifest file, put it in a file that is passed to signtool. Sample Script For example, the PKCS #11 installer script could be in the file pk11install. If so, the metainfo file for signtool includes a line such as this: Pkcs11_install_script: pk11install The script must define the platform and version number, the module name and file, and any optional information like supported ciphers and mechanisms. Multiple platforms can be defined in a single install file. ForwardCompatible { IRIX:6.2:mips SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc } Platforms { WINNT::x86 { ModuleName { “Example Module” } ModuleFile { win32/fort32.dll } DefaultMechanismFlags{0x0001} DefaultCipherFlags{0x0001} Files { win32/setup.exe { Executable RelativePath { %temp%/setup.exe } } win32/setup.hlp { RelativePath { %temp%/setup.hlp } } win32/setup.cab { RelativePath { %temp%/setup.cab } } } } WIN95::x86 { EquivalentPlatform {WINNT::x86} } SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc { ModuleName { “Example UNIX Module” } ModuleFile { unix/fort.so } DefaultMechanismFlags{0x0001} CipherEnableFlags{0x0001} Files { unix/fort.so { Re lativePath{%root%/lib/fort.so} AbsolutePath{/u sr/local/netscape/lib/fort.so} FilePermissions{555} } xplat/instr.html { Relat ivePath{%root%/docs/inst.html} AbsolutePath{/usr/ local/netscape/docs/inst.html} FilePermissions{555} } } } IRIX:6.2:mips { EquivalentPlatform { SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc } } } Script Grammar The script is basic Java, allowing lists, key-value pairs, strings, and combinations of all of them. –> valuelist valuelist –> value valuelist <null> value —> key_value_pair string key_value_pair –> key { valuelist } key –> string string –> simple_string “complex_string” simple_string –> [^ \tn"”{“”}”]+ complex_string –> ([^"\rn]|(\")|(\\))+ Quotes and backslashes must be escaped with a backslash. A complex string must not include newlines or carriage returns.Outside of complex strings, all white space (for example, spaces, tabs, and carriage returns) is considered equal and is used only to delimit tokens. Keys The Java install file uses keys to define the platform and module information. ForwardCompatible gives a list of platforms that are forward compatible. If the current platform cannot be found in the list of supported platforms, then the ForwardCompatible list is checked for any platforms that have the same OS and architecture in an earlier version. If one is found, its attributes are used for the current platform. Platforms (required) Gives a list of platforms. Each entry in the list is itself a key-value pair: the key is the name of the platform and the value list contains various attributes of the platform. The platform string is in the format system name:OS release:architecture. The installer obtains these values from NSPR. OS release is an empty string on non-Unix operating systems. NSPR supports these platforms: o AIX (rs6000) o BSDI (x86) o FREEBSD (x86) o HPUX (hppa1.1) o IRIX (mips) o LINUX (ppc, alpha, x86) o MacOS (PowerPC) o NCR (x86) o NEC (mips) o OS2 (x86) o OSF (alpha) o ReliantUNIX (mips) o SCO (x86) o SOLARIS (sparc) o SONY (mips) o SUNOS (sparc) o UnixWare (x86) o WIN16 (x86) o WIN95 (x86) o WINNT (x86) For example: IRIX:6.2:mips SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc Linux:2.0.32:x86 WIN95::x86 The module information is defined independently for each platform in the ModuleName, ModuleFile, and Files attributes. These attributes must be given unless an EquivalentPlatform attribute is specified. Per-Platform Keys Per-platform keys have meaning only within the value list of an entry in the Platforms list. ModuleName (required) gives the common name for the module. This name is used to reference the module by servers and by the modutil tool. ModuleFile (required) names the PKCS #11 module file for this platform. The name is given as the relative path of the file within the JAR archive. Files (required) lists the files that need to be installed for this module. Each entry in the file list is a key-value pair. The key is the path of the file in the JAR archive, and the value list contains attributes of the file. At least RelativePath or AbsolutePath must be specified for each file. DefaultMechanismFlags specifies mechanisms for which this module is the default provider; this is equivalent to the -mechanism option with the -add command. This key-value pair is a bitstring specified in hexadecimal (0x) format. It is constructed as a bitwise OR. If the DefaultMechanismFlags entry is omitted, the value defaults to 0x0. RSA: 0x00000001 DSA: 0x00000002 RC2: 0x00000004 RC4: 0x00000008 DES: 0x00000010 DH: 0x00000020 FORTEZZA: 0x00000040 RC5: 0x00000080 SHA1: 0x00000100 MD5: 0x00000200 MD2: 0x00000400 RANDOM: 0x08000000 FRIENDLY: 0x10000000 OWN_PW_DEFAULTS: 0x20000000 DISABLE: 0x40000000 CipherEnableFlags specifies ciphers that this module provides that NSS does not provide (so that the module enables those ciphers for NSS). This is equivalent to the -cipher argument with the -add command. This key is a bitstring specified in hexadecimal (0x) format. It is constructed as a bitwise OR. If the CipherEnableFlags entry is omitted, the value defaults to 0x0. EquivalentPlatform specifies that the attributes of the named platform should also be used for the current platform. This makes it easier when more than one platform uses the same settings. Per-File Keys Some keys have meaning only within the value list of an entry in a Files list. Each file requires a path key the identifies where the file is. Either RelativePath or AbsolutePath must be specified. If both are specified, the relative path is tried first, and the absolute path is used only if no relative root directory is provided by the installer program. RelativePath specifies the destination directory of the file, relative to some directory decided at install time. Two variables can be used in the relative path: %root% and %temp%. %root% is replaced at run time with the directory relative to which files should be installed; for example, it may be the server’s root directory. The %temp% directory is created at the beginning of the installation and destroyed at the end. The purpose of %temp% is to hold executable files (such as setup programs) or files that are used by these programs. Files destined for the temporary directory are guaranteed to be in place before any executable file is run; they are not deleted until all executable files have finished. AbsolutePath specifies the destination directory of the file as an absolute path. Executable specifies that the file is to be executed during the course of the installation. Typically, this string is used for a setup program provided by a module vendor, such as a self-extracting setup executable. More than one file can be specified as executable, in which case the files are run in the order in which they are specified in the script file. FilePermissions sets permissions on any referenced files in a string of octal digits, according to the standard Unix format. This string is a bitwise OR. user read: 0400 user write: 0200 user execute: 0100 group read: 0040 group write: 0020 group execute: 0010 other read: 0004 other write: 0002 other execute: 0001 Some platforms may not understand these permissions. They are applied only insofar as they make sense for the current platform. If this attribute is omitted, a default of 777 is assumed. NSS Database Types NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information. The last versions of these legacy databases are: o cert8.db for certificates o key3.db for keys o secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly shared security database. In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases rather than BerkleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and performance: o cert9.db for certificates o key4.db for keys o pkcs11.txt, which is listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules contained in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy format is included for backward compatibility. By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the given security directory. For example: modutil -create -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql: export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE=”sql” This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change permanent. Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases: o https://wiki.m ozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see the NSS project wiki: o https:// wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB See Also certutil (1) pk12util (1) signtool (1) The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to configure applications to use it. o https://wiki.m ozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto o https:// wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB Additional Resources For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check out the NSS project wiki at [2]http://www.mozil la.org/projects/security/pki/n ss/. The NSS site relates directly to NSS code changes and releases. Mailing lists: https://lists.mozill a.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki Authors The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red Hat, and Sun. Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey <dlackey@redhat.com>. Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2. References Visible links 1. JAR Installation File Format file:///tmp/xmlto.6gGxS0/ modutil.pro...r-install-file https://www.mozilla. org/projects/security/pki/nss/
342	mozilla_projects_nss_t ools_nss_tools_certutil-tasks
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
343	mozilla_projects _nss_tools_nss_tools_certutil	certificates, x509v3
		The Certificate Database Tool is a command-line utility that can create and modify the Netscape Communicator cert8.db and key3.dbdatabase files. It can also list, generate, modify, or delete certificates within the cert8.dbfile and create or change the password, generate new public and private key pairs, display the contents of the key database, or delete key pairs within the key3.db file.
344	mozilla_project s_nss_tools_nss_tools_cmsutil
		The cmsutil command-line utility uses the S/MIME Toolkit to perform basic operations, such as encryption and decryption, on Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) messages.
345	mozilla_project s_nss_tools_nss_tools_crlutil
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
346	mozilla_projects_n ss_tools_nss_tools_dbck-tasks
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
347	mozilla_projects_nss_ tools_nss_tools_modutil-tasks
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
348	mozilla_project s_nss_tools_nss_tools_modutil
		The Security Module Database Tool is a command-line utility for managing PKCS #11 module information within secmod.db files or within hardware tokens. You can use the tool to add and delete PKCS #11 modules, change passwords, set defaults, list module contents, enable or disable slots, enable or disable FIPS 140-2 compliance, and assign default providers for cryptographic operations. This tool can also create key3.db, cert8.db, and secmod.db security database files.
349	mozilla_projects_nss_t ools_nss_tools_pk12util-tasks
		Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech .crypto
350	mozilla_projects _nss_tools_nss_tools_pk12util
		The PKCS #12 utility makes sharing of certificates among Enterprise server 3.x and any server (Netscape products or non-Netscape products) that supports PKCS#12 possible. The tool allows you to import certificates and keys from pkcs #12 files into NSS or export them and also list certificates and keys in such files.
351	mozilla_projects_nss_ tools_nss_tools_signver-tasks
		No summary!
352	mozilla_projects_ns s_tools_nss_tools_sslstrength
		A simple command-line client which connects to an SSL-server, and reports back the encryption cipher and strength used.
353	mozilla_projec ts_nss_tools_nss_tools_ssltap
		The SSL Debugging Tool is an SSL-aware command-line proxy. It watches TCP connections and displays the data going by. If a connection is SSL, the data display includes interpreted SSL records and handshaking.
354	mozill a_projects_nss_tools_pk12util
		Name pk12util — Export and import keys and certificate to or from a PKCS #12 file and the NSS database Synopsis pk12util [-i p12File [-h tokenname] [-v] [common-options] ] [ -l p12File [-h tokenname] [-r] [common-options] ] [ -o p12File -n certname [-c keyCipher] [-C certCipher] [-m|–key_len keyLen] [-n|–cert_key_len certKeyLen] [common-options] ] [ common-options are: [-d [sql:]directory] [-P dbprefix] [-k slotPasswordFile|-K slotPassword] [-w p12filePasswordFile|-W p12filePassword] ] Description The PKCS #12 utility, pk12util, enables sharing certificates among any server that supports PKCS#12. The tool can import certificates and keys from PKCS#12 files into security databases, export certificates, and list certificates and keys. Options and Arguments Options -i p12file Import keys and certificates from a PKCS#12 file into a security database. -l p12file List the keys and certificates in PKCS#12 file. -o p12file Export keys and certificates from the security database to a PKCS#12 file. Arguments -n certname Specify the nickname of the cert and private key to export. -d [sql:]directory Specify the database directory into which to import to or export from certificates and keys. pk12util supports two types of databases: the legacy security databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt). If the prefix sql: is not used, then the tool assumes that the given databases are in the old format. -P prefix Specify the prefix used on the certificate and key databases. This option is provided as a special case. Changing the names of the certificate and key databases is not recommended. -h tokenname Specify the name of the token to import into or export from. -v Enable debug logging when importing. -k slotPasswordFile Specify the text file containing the slot’s password. -K slotPassword Specify the slot’s password. -w p12filePasswordFile Specify the text file containing the pkcs #12 file password. -W p12filePassword Specify the pkcs #12 file password. -c keyCipher Specify the key encryption algorithm. -C certCipher Specify the key cert (overall package) encryption algorithm. -m | –key-len keyLength Specify the desired length of the symmetric key to be used to encrypt the private key. -n | –cert-key-len certKeyLength Specify the desired length of the symmetric key to be used to encrypt the certificates and other meta-data. -r Dumps all of the data in raw (binary) form. This must be saved as a DER file. The default is to return information in a pretty-print ASCII format, which displays the information about the certificates and public keys in the p12 file. Return Codes o 0 - No error o 1 - User Cancelled o 2 - Usage error o 6 - NLS init error o 8 - Certificate DB open error o 9 - Key DB open error o 10 - File initialization error o 11 - Unicode conversion error o 12 - Temporary file creation error o 13 - PKCS11 get slot error o 14 - PKCS12 decoder start error o 15 - error read from import file o 16 - pkcs12 decode error o 17 - pkcs12 decoder verify error o 18 - pkcs12 decoder validate bags error o 19 - pkcs12 decoder import bags error o 20 - key db conversion version 3 to version 2 error o 21 - cert db conversion version 7 to version 5 error o 22 - cert and key dbs patch error o 23 - get default cert db error o 24 - find cert by nickname error o 25 - create export context error o 26 - PKCS12 add password itegrity error o 27 - cert and key Safes creation error o 28 - PKCS12 add cert and key error o 29 - PKCS12 encode error Examples Importing Keys and Certificates The most basic usage of pk12util for importing a certificate or key is the PKCS#12 input file (-i) and some way to specify the security database being accessed (either -d for a directory or -h for a token). pk12util -i p12File [-h tokenname] [-v] [-d [sql:]directory] [-P dbprefix] [-k slotPasswordFile|-K slotPassword] [-w p12filePasswordFile|-W p12filePassword] For example: # pk12util -i /tmp/cert-files/users.p12 -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb Enter a password which will be used to encrypt your keys. The password should be at least 8 characters long, and should contain at least one non-alphabetic character. Enter new password: Re-enter password: Enter password for PKCS12 file: pk12util: PKCS12 IMPORT SUCCESSFUL Exporting Keys and Certificates Using the pk12util command to export certificates and keys requires both the name of the certificate to extract from the database (-n) and the PKCS#12-formatted output file to write to. There are optional parameters that can be used to encrypt the file to protect the certificate material. pk12util -o p12File -n certname [-c keyCipher] [-C certCipher] [-m|–key_len keyLen] [-n|–cert_key_len certKeyLen] [-d [sql:]directory] [-P dbprefix] [-k slotPasswordFile|-K slotPassword] [-w p12filePasswordFile|-W p12filePassword] For example: # pk12util -o certs.p12 -n Server-Cert -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb Enter password for PKCS12 file: Re-enter password: Listing Keys and Certificates The information in a .p12 file are not human-readable. The certificates and keys in the file can be printed (listed) in a human-readable pretty-print format that shows information for every certificate and any public keys in the .p12 file. pk12util -l p12File [-h tokenname] [-r] [-d [sql:]directory] [-P dbprefix] [-k slotPasswordFile|-K slotPassword] [-w p12filePasswordFile|-W p12filePassword] For example, this prints the default ASCII output: # pk12util -l certs.p12 Enter password for PKCS12 file: Key(shrouded): Friendly Name: Thawte Freemail Member’s Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID Encryption algorithm: PKCS #12 V2 PBE With SHA-1 And 3KEY Triple DES-CBC Parameters: Salt: 45:2e:6a:a0:03:4d :7b:a1:63:3c:15:ea:67:37:62:1f Iteration Count: 1 (0x1) Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 13 (0xd) Signature Algorithm: PKCS #1 SHA-1 With RSA Encryption Issuer: “E=personal -freemail@thawte.com,CN=Thawte Personal Freemail C A,OU=Certification Services Division,O=Thawte Consulting,L=Cape T own,ST=Western Cape,C=ZA” Alternatively, the -r prints the certificates and then exports them into separate DER binary files. This allows the certificates to be fed to another application that supports .p12 files. Each certificate is written to a sequentially-number file, beginning with file0001.der and continuing through file000N.der, incrementing the number for every certificate: # pk12util -l test.p12 -r Enter password for PKCS12 file: Key(shrouded): Friendly Name: Thawte Freemail Member’s Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID Encryption algorithm: PKCS #12 V2 PBE With SHA-1 And 3KEY Triple DES-CBC Parameters: Salt: 45:2e:6a:a0:03:4d :7b:a1:63:3c:15:ea:67:37:62:1f Iteration Count: 1 (0x1) Certificate Friendly Name: Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA - Thawte Consulting Certificate Friendly Name: Thawte Freemail Member’s Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID Password Encryption PKCS#12 provides for not only the protection of the private keys but also the certificate and meta-data associated with the keys. Password-based encryption is used to protect private keys on export to a PKCS#12 file and, optionally, the entire package. If no algorithm is specified, the tool defaults to using PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 3KEY Triple DES-cbc for private key encryption. PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 40 Bit RC4 is the default for the overall package encryption when not in FIPS mode. When in FIPS mode, there is no package encryption. The private key is always protected with strong encryption by default. Several types of ciphers are supported. Symmetric CBC ciphers for PKCS#5 V2 DES_CBC o RC2-CBC o RC5-CBCPad o DES-EDE3-CBC (the default for key encryption) o AES-128-CBC o AES-192-CBC o AES-256-CBC o CAMELLIA-128-CBC o CAMELLIA-192-CBC o CAMELLIA-256-CBC PKCS#12 PBE ciphers PKCS #12 PBE with Sha1 and 128 Bit RC4 o PKCS #12 PBE with Sha1 and 40 Bit RC4 o PKCS #12 PBE with Sha1 and Triple DES CBC o PKCS #12 PBE with Sha1 and 128 Bit RC2 CBC o PKCS #12 PBE with Sha1 and 40 Bit RC2 CBC o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 128 Bit RC4 o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 40 Bit RC4 (the default for non-FIPS mode) o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 3KEY Triple DES-cbc o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 2KEY Triple DES-cbc o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 128 Bit RC2 CBC o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 40 Bit RC2 CBC PKCS#5 PBE ciphers PKCS #5 Password Based Encryption with MD2 and DES CBC o PKCS #5 Password Based Encryption with MD5 and DES CBC o PKCS #5 Password Based Encryption with SHA1 and DES CBC With PKCS#12, the crypto provider may be the soft token module or an external hardware module. If the cryptographic module does not support the requested algorithm, then the next best fit will be selected (usually the default). If no suitable replacement for the desired algorithm can be found, the tool returns the error no security module can perform the requested operation. NSS Database Types NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information. The last versions of these legacy databases are: o cert8.db for certificates o key3.db for keys o secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly shared security database. In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases rather than BerkleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and performance: o cert9.db for certificates o key4.db for keys o pkcs11.txt, which is listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules contained in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy format is included for backward compatibility. By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the given security directory. For example: # pk12util -i /tmp/cert-files/users.p12 -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql: export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE=”sql” This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change permanent. Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases: o https://wiki.m ozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see the NSS project wiki: o https:// wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB See Also certutil (1) modutil (1) The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to configure applications to use it. o https://wiki.m ozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto o https:// wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB Additional Resources For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check out the NSS project wiki at [1]http://www.mozil la.org/projects/security/pki/n ss/. The NSS site relates directly to NSS code changes and releases. Mailing lists: https://lists.mozill a.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki Authors The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red Hat, and Sun. Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey <dlackey@redhat.com>. Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2. References Visible links 1. http://www.mozi lla.org/projects/security/pki/ nss/
355	mozill a_projects_nss_tools_signtool
		Name signtool — Digitally sign objects and files. Synopsis signtool [-k keyName] -h -H -l -L -M -v -w `-G nickname <-G_nickname>`__ -s size -b basename [[-c Compression Level] ] [[-d cert-dir] ] [[-i installer script] ] [[-m metafile] ] [[-x name] ] [[-f filename] ] [[-t|–token tokenname] ] [[-e extension] ] [[-o] ] [[-z] ] [[-X] ] [[–outfile] ] [[–verbose value] ] [[–norecurse] ] [[–leavearc] ] [[-j directory] ] [[-Z jarfile] ] [[-O] ] [[-p password] ] [directory-tree] [archive] Description The Signing Tool, signtool, creates digital signatures and uses a Java Archive (JAR) file to associate the signatures with files in a directory. Electronic software distribution over any network involves potential security problems. To help address some of these problems, you can associate digital signatures with the files in a JAR archive. Digital signatures allow SSL-enabled clients to perform two important operations: * Confirm the identity of the individual, company, or other entity whose digital signature is associated with the files * Check whether the files have been tampered with since being signed If you have a signing certificate, you can use Netscape Signing Tool to digitally sign files and package them as a JAR file. An object-signing certificate is a special kind of certificate that allows you to associate your digital signature with one or more files. An individual file can potentially be signed with multiple digital signatures. For example, a commercial software developer might sign the files that constitute a software product to prove that the files are indeed from a particular company. A network administrator manager might sign the same files with an additional digital signature based on a company-generated certificate to indicate that the product is approved for use within the company. The significance of a digital signature is comparable to the significance of a handwritten signature. Once you have signed a file, it is difficult to claim later that you didn’t sign it. In some situations, a digital signature may be considered as legally binding as a handwritten signature. Therefore, you should take great care to ensure that you can stand behind any file you sign and distribute. For example, if you are a software developer, you should test your code to make sure it is virus-free before signing it. Similarly, if you are a network administrator, you should make sure, before signing any code, that it comes from a reliable source and will run correctly with the software installed on the machines to which you are distributing it. Before you can use Netscape Signing Tool to sign files, you must have an object-signing certificate, which is a special certificate whose associated private key is used to create digital signatures. For testing purposes only, you can create an object-signing certificate with Netscape Signing Tool 1.3. When testing is finished and you are ready to disitribute your software, you should obtain an object-signing certificate from one of two kinds of sources: * An independent certificate authority (CA) that authenticates your identity and charges you a fee. You typically get a certificate from an independent CA if you want to sign software that will be distributed over the Internet. * CA server software running on your corporate intranet or extranet. Netscape Certificate Management System provides a complete management solution for creating, deploying, and managing certificates, including CAs that issue object-signing certificates. You must also have a certificate for the CA that issues your signing certificate before you can sign files. If the certificate authority’s certificate isn’t already installed in your copy of Communicator, you typically install it by clicking the appropriate link on the certificate authority’s web site, for example on the page from which you initiated enrollment for your signing certificate. This is the case for some test certificates, as well as certificates issued by Netscape Certificate Management System: you must download the CA certificate in addition to obtaining your own signing certificate. CA certificates for several certificate authorities are preinstalled in the Communicator certificate database. When you receive an object-signing certificate for your own use, it is automatically installed in your copy of the Communicator client software. Communicator supports the public-key cryptography standard known as PKCS #12, which governs key portability. You can, for example, move an object-signing certificate and its associated private key from one computer to another on a credit-card-sized device called a smart card. Options -b basename Specifies the base filename for the .rsa and .sf files in the META-INF directory to conform with the JAR format. For example, -b signatures causes the files to be named signatures.rsa and signatures.sf. The default is signtool. -c# Specifies the compression level for the -J or -Z option. The symbol # represents a number from 0 to 9, where 0 means no compression and 9 means maximum compression. The higher the level of compression, the smaller the output but the longer the operation takes. If the -c# option is not used with either the -J or the -Z option, the default compression value used by both the -J and -Z options is 6. -d certdir Specifies your certificate database directory; that is, the directory in which you placed your key3.db and cert7.db files. To specify the current directory, use “-d.” (including the period). The Unix version of signtool assumes ~/.netscape unless told otherwise. The NT version of signtool always requires the use of the -d option to specify where the database files are located. -e extension Tells signtool to sign only files with the given extension; for example, use -e”.class” to sign only Java class files. Note that with Netscape Signing Tool version 1.1 and later this option can appear multiple times on one command line, making it possible to specify multiple file types or classes to include. -f commandfile Specifies a text file containing Netscape Signing Tool options and arguments in keyword=value format. All options and arguments can be expressed through this file. For more information about the syntax used with this file, see “Tips and Techniques”. -i scriptname Specifies the name of an installer script for SmartUpdate. This script installs files from the JAR archive in the local system after SmartUpdate has validated the digital signature. For more details, see the description of -m that follows. The -i option provides a straightforward way to provide this information if you don’t need to specify any metadata other than an installer script. -j directory Specifies a special JavaScript directory. This option causes the specified directory to be signed and tags its entries as inline JavaScript. This special type of entry does not have to appear in the JAR file itself. Instead, it is located in the HTML page containing the inline scripts. When you use signtool -v, these entries are displayed with the string NOT PRESENT. -k key … directory Specifies the nickname (key) of the certificate you want to sign with and signs the files in the specified directory. The directory to sign is always specified as the last command-line argument. Thus, it is possible to write signtool -k MyCert -d . signdir You may have trouble if the nickname contains a single quotation mark. To avoid problems, escape the quotation mark using the escape conventions for your platform. It’s also possible to use the -k option without signing any files or specifying a directory. For example, you can use it with the -l option to get detailed information about a particular signing certificate. -G nickname Generates a new private-public key pair and corresponding object-signing certificate with the given nickname. The newly generated keys and certificate are installed into the key and certificate databases in the directory specified by the -d option. With the NT version of Netscape Signing Tool, you must use the -d option with the -G option. With the Unix version of Netscape Signing Tool, omitting the -d option causes the tool to install the keys and certificate in the Communicator key and certificate databases. If you are installing the keys and certificate in the Communicator databases, you must exit Communicator before using this option; otherwise, you risk corrupting the databases. In all cases, the certificate is also output to a file named x509.cacert, which has the MIME-type application/x-x509-ca-cert. Unlike certificates normally used to sign finished code to be distributed over a network, a test certificate created with -G is not signed by a recognized certificate authority. Instead, it is self-signed. In addition, a single test signing certificate functions as both an object-signing certificate and a CA. When you are using it to sign objects, it behaves like an object-signing certificate. When it is imported into browser software such as Communicator, it behaves like an object-signing CA and cannot be used to sign objects. The -G option is available in Netscape Signing Tool 1.0 and later versions only. By default, it produces only RSA certificates with 1024-byte keys in the internal token. However, you can use the -s option specify the required key size and the -t option to specify the token. For more information about the use of the -G option, see “Generating Test Object-Signing Certificates””Generating Test Object-Signing Certificates” on page -l Lists signing certificates, including issuing CAs. If any of your certificates are expired or invalid, the list will so specify. This option can be used with the -k option to list detailed information about a particular signing certificate. The -l option is available in Netscape Signing Tool 1.0 and later versions only. -J Signs a directory of HTML files containing JavaScript and creates as many archive files as are specified in the HTML tags. Even if signtool creates more than one archive file, you need to supply the key database password only once. The -J option is available only in Netscape Signing Tool 1.0 and later versions. The -J option cannot be used at the same time as the -Z option. If the -c# option is not used with the -J option, the default compression value is 6. Note that versions 1.1 and later of Netscape Signing Tool correctly recognizes the CODEBASE attribute, allows paths to be expressed for the CLASS and SRC attributes instead of filenames only, processes LINK tags and parses HTML correctly, and offers clearer error messages. -L Lists the certificates in your database. An asterisk appears to the left of the nickname for any certificate that can be used to sign objects with signtool. --leavearc Retains the temporary .arc (archive) directories that the -J option creates. These directories are automatically erased by default. Retaining the temporary directories can be an aid to debugging. -m metafile Specifies the name of a metadata control file. Metadata is signed information attached either to the JAR archive itself or to files within the archive. This metadata can be any ASCII string, but is used mainly for specifying an installer script. The metadata file contains one entry per line, each with three fields: field #1: file specification, or + if you want to specify global metadata (that is, metadata about the JAR archive itself or all entries in the archive) field #2: the name of the data you are specifying; for example: Install-Script field #3: data corresponding to the name in field #2 For example, the -i option uses the equivalent of this line: + Install-Script: script.js This example associates a MIME type with a file: movie.qt MIME-Type: video/quicktime For information about the way installer script information appears in the manifest file for a JAR archive, see The JAR Format on Netscape DevEdge. -M Lists the PKCS #11 modules available to signtool, including smart cards. The -M option is available in Netscape Signing Tool 1.0 and later versions only. For information on using Netscape Signing Tool with smart cards, see “Using Netscape Signing Tool with Smart Cards”. For information on using the -M option to verify FIPS-140-1 validated mode, see “Netscape Signing Tool and FIPS-140-1”. --norecurse Blocks recursion into subdirectories when signing a directory’s contents or when parsing HTML. -o Optimizes the archive for size. Use this only if you are signing very large archives containing hundreds of files. This option makes the manifest files (required by the JAR format) considerably smaller, but they contain slightly less information. --outfile outputfile Specifies a file to receive redirected output from Netscape Signing Tool. -p password Specifies a password for the private-key database. Note that the password entered on the command line is displayed as plain text. -s keysize Specifies the size of the key for generated certificate. Use the -M option to find out what tokens are available. The -s option can be used with the -G option only. -t token Specifies which available token should generate the key and receive the certificate. Use the -M option to find out what tokens are available. The -t option can be used with the -G option only. -v archive Displays the contents of an archive and verifies the cryptographic integrity of the digital signatures it contains and the files with which they are associated. This includes checking that the certificate for the issuer of the object-signing certificate is listed in the certificate database, that the CA’s digital signature on the object-signing certificate is valid, that the relevant certificates have not expired, and so on. --verbosity value Sets the quantity of information Netscape Signing Tool generates in operation. A value of 0 (zero) is the default and gives full information. A value of -1 suppresses most messages, but not error messages. -w archive Displays the names of signers of any files in the archive. -x directory Excludes the specified directory from signing. Note that with Netscape Signing Tool version 1.1 and later this option can appear multiple times on one command line, making it possible to specify several particular directories to exclude. -z Tells signtool not to store the signing time in the digital signature. This option is useful if you want the expiration date of the signature checked against the current date and time rather than the time the files were signed. -Z jarfile Creates a JAR file with the specified name. You must specify this option if you want signtool to create the JAR file; it does not do so automatically. If you don’t specify -Z, you must use an external ZIP tool to create the JAR file. The -Z option cannot be used at the same time as the -J option. If the -c# option is not used with the -Z option, the default compression value is 6. The Command File Format Entries in a Netscape Signing Tool command file have this general format: keyword=value Everything before the = sign on a single line is a keyword, and everything from the = sign to the end of line is a value. The value may include = signs; only the first = sign on a line is interpreted. Blank lines are ignored, but white space on a line with keywords and values is assumed to be part of the keyword (if it comes before the equal sign) or part of the value (if it comes after the first equal sign). Keywords are case insensitive, values are generally case sensitive. Since the = sign and newline delimit the value, it should not be quoted. Subsection basename Same as -b option. compression Same as -c option. certdir Same as -d option. extension Same as -e option. generate Same as -G option. installscript Same as -i option. javascriptdir Same as -j option. htmldir Same as -J option. certname Nickname of certificate, as with -k and -l -k options. signdir The directory to be signed, as with -k option. list Same as -l option. Value is ignored, but = sign must be present. listall Same as -L option. Value is ignored, but = sign must be present. metafile Same as -m option. modules Same as -M option. Value is ignored, but = sign must be present. optimize Same as -o option. Value is ignored, but = sign must be present. password Same as -p option. keysize Same as -s option. token Same as -t option. verify Same as -v option. who Same as -w option. exclude Same as -x option. notime Same as -z option. value is ignored, but = sign must be present. jarfile Same as -Z option. outfile Name of a file to which output and error messages will be redirected. This option has no command-line equivalent. Extended Examples The following example will do this and that Listing Available Signing Certificates You use the -L option to list the nicknames for all available certificates and check which ones are signing certificates. signtool -L using certificate directory: /u/jsmith/.netscape S Certificates - ———— BBN Certificate Services CA Root 1 IBM World Registry CA VeriSign Class 1 CA - Individual Subscriber - VeriSign, Inc. GTE CyberTrust Root CA Uptime Group Plc. Class 4 CA * Verisign Object Signing Cert Integrion CA GTE CyberTrust Secure Server CA AT&T Directory Services * test object signing cert Uptime Group Plc. Class 1 CA VeriSign Class 1 Primary CA Certificates that can be used to sign objects have *’s to their left. Two signing certificates are displayed: Verisign Object Signing Cert and test object signing cert. You use the -l option to get a list of signing certificates only, including the signing CA for each. signtool -l using certificate directory: /u/jsmith/.netscape Verisign Object Signing Cert Issued by: VeriSign, Inc. Verisign, Inc. Expires: Tue May 19, 1998 test object signing cert Issued by: test object signing cert (Signtool 1.0 Testing Certificate (960187691)) Expires: Sun May 17, 1998 For a list including CAs, use the -L option. Signing a File 1. Create an empty directory. mkdir signdir Put some file into it. echo boo > signdir/test.f Specify the name of your object-signing certificate and sign the directory. signtool -k MySignCert -Z testjar.jar signdir using key “MySignCert” using certificate directory: /u/jsmith/.netscape Generating signdir/META-INF/manifest.mf file.. –> test.f adding signdir/test.f to testjar.jar Generating signtool.sf file.. Enter Password or Pin for “Communicator Certificate DB”: adding signdir/META-INF/manifest.mf to testjar.jar adding signdir/META-INF/signtool.sf to testjar.jar adding signdir/META-INF/signtool.rsa to testjar.jar tree “signdir” signed successfully Test the archive you just created. signtool -v testjar.jar using certificate directory: /u/jsmith/.netscape archive “testjar.jar” has passed crypto verification. status path verified test.f Using Netscape Signing Tool with a ZIP Utility To use Netscape Signing Tool with a ZIP utility, you must have the utility in your path environment variable. You should use the zip.exe utility rather than pkzip.exe, which cannot handle long filenames. You can use a ZIP utility instead of the -Z option to package a signed archive into a JAR file after you have signed it: cd signdir zip -r ../myjar.jar * adding: META-INF/ (stored 0%) adding: META-INF/manifest.mf (deflated 15%) adding: META-INF/signtool.sf (deflated 28%) adding: META-INF/signtool.rsa (stored 0%) adding: text.txt (stored 0%) Generating the Keys and Certificate The signtool option -G generates a new public-private key pair and certificate. It takes the nickname of the new certificate as an argument. The newly generated keys and certificate are installed into the key and certificate databases in the directory specified by the -d option. With the NT version of Netscape Signing Tool, you must use the -d option with the -G option. With the Unix version of Netscape Signing Tool, omitting the -d option causes the tool to install the keys and certificate in the Communicator key and certificate databases. In all cases, the certificate is also output to a file named x509.cacert, which has the MIME-type application/x-x509-ca-cert. Certificates contain standard information about the entity they identify, such as the common name and organization name. Netscape Signing Tool prompts you for this information when you run the command with the -G option. However, all of the requested fields are optional for test certificates. If you do not enter a common name, the tool provides a default name. In the following example, the user input is in boldface: signtool -G MyTestCert using certificate directory: /u/someuser/.netscape Enter certificate information. All fields are optional. Acceptable characters are numbers, letters, spaces, and apostrophes. certificate common name: Test Object Signing Certificate organization: Netscape Communications Corp. organization unit: Server Products Division state or province: California country (must be exactly 2 characters): US username: someuser email address: someuser@netscape.com Enter Password or Pin for “Communicator Certificate DB”: [Password will not echo] generated public/private key pair certificate request generated certificate has been signed certificate “MyTestCert” added to database Exported certificate to x509.raw and x509.cacert. The certificate information is read from standard input. Therefore, the information can be read from a file using the redirection operator (<) in some operating systems. To create a file for this purpose, enter each of the seven input fields, in order, on a separate line. Make sure there is a newline character at the end of the last line. Then run signtool with standard input redirected from your file as follows: signtool -G MyTestCert inputfile The prompts show up on the screen, but the responses will be automatically read from the file. The password will still be read from the console unless you use the -p option to give the password on the command line. Using the -M Option to List Smart Cards You can use the -M option to list the PKCS #11 modules, including smart cards, that are available to signtool: signtool -d “c:netscapeusersjsmith” -M using certificate directory: c:netscapeusersusername Netscape Internal PKCS #11 Module (this module is internally loaded) slots: 2 slots attached status: loaded slot: Communicator Internal Cryptographic Services Version 4.0 token: Communicator Generic Crypto Svcs slot: Communicator User Private Key and Certificate Services token: Communicator Certificate DB CryptOS (this is an external module) DLL name: core32 slots: 1 slots attached status: loaded slot: Litronic 210 token: Using Netscape Signing Tool and a Smart Card to Sign Files The signtool command normally takes an argument of the -k option to specify a signing certificate. To sign with a smart card, you supply only the fully qualified name of the certificate. To see fully qualified certificate names when you run Communicator, click the Security button in Navigator, then click Yours under Certificates in the left frame. Fully qualified names are of the format smart card:certificate, for example “MyCard:My Signing Cert”. You use this name with the -k argument as follows: signtool -k “MyCard:My Signing Cert” directory Verifying FIPS Mode Use the -M option to verify that you are using the FIPS-140-1 module. signtool -d “c:netscapeusersjsmith” -M using certificate directory: c:netscapeusersjsmith Netscape Internal PKCS #11 Module (this module is internally loaded) slots: 2 slots attached status: loaded slot: Communicator Internal Cryptographic Services Version 4.0 token: Communicator Generic Crypto Svcs slot: Communicator User Private Key and Certificate Services token: Communicator Certificate DB This Unix example shows that Netscape Signing Tool is using a FIPS-140-1 module: signtool -d “c:netscapeusersjsmith” -M using certificate directory: c:netscapeusersjsmith Enter Password or Pin for “Communicator Certificate DB”: [password will not echo] Netscape Internal FIPS PKCS #11 Module (this module is internally loaded) slots: 1 slots attached status: loaded slot: Netscape Internal FIPS-140-1 Cryptographic Services token: Communicator Certificate DB See Also signver (1) The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to configure applications to use it. o https://wiki.m ozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto o https:// wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB Additional Resources For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check out the NSS project wiki at [1]http://www.mozil la.org/projects/security/pki/n ss/. The NSS site relates directly to NSS code changes and releases. Mailing lists: https://lists.mozill a.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki Authors The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red Hat, and Sun. Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey <dlackey@redhat.com>. Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2. References Visible links 1. http://www.mozi lla.org/projects/security/pki/ nss/
356	mozil la_projects_nss_tools_signver
		Name signver — Verify a detached PKCS#7 signature for a file. Synopsis signtool -A | -V -d directory [-a] [-i input_file] [-o output_file] [-s signature_file] [-v] Description The Signature Verification Tool, signver, is a simple command-line utility that unpacks a base-64-encoded PKCS#7 signed object and verifies the digital signature using standard cryptographic techniques. The Signature Verification Tool can also display the contents of the signed object. Options -A Displays all of the information in the PKCS#7 signature. -V Verifies the digital signature. -d [sql:]directory Specify the database directory which contains the certificates and keys. signver supports two types of databases: the legacy security databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt). If the prefix sql: is not used, then the tool assumes that the given databases are in the old format. -a Sets that the given signature file is in ASCII format. -i input_file Gives the input file for the object with signed data. -o output_file Gives the output file to which to write the results. -s signature_file Gives the input file for the digital signature. -v Enables verbose output. Extended Examples Verifying a Signature The -V option verifies that the signature in a given signature file is valid when used to sign the given object (from the input file). signver -V -s signature_file -i signed_file -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb signatureValid=yes Printing Signature Data The -A option prints all of the information contained in a signature file. Using the -o option prints the signature file information to the given output file rather than stdout. signver -A -s signature_file -o output_file NSS Database Types NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information. The last versions of these legacy databases are: o cert8.db for certificates o key3.db for keys o secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly shared security database. In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases rather than BerkleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and performance: o cert9.db for certificates o key4.db for keys o pkcs11.txt, which is listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules contained in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy format is included for backward compatibility. By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the given security directory. For example: # signver -A -s signature -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql: export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE=”sql” This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change permanent. Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases: o https://wiki.m ozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see the NSS project wiki: o https:// wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB See Also signtool (1) The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to configure applications to use it. o Setting up the shared NSS database https://wiki.m ozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto o Engineering and technical information about the shared NSS database https:// wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB Additional Resources For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check out the NSS project wiki at [1]http://www.mozil la.org/projects/security/pki/n ss/. The NSS site relates directly to NSS code changes and releases. Mailing lists: https://lists.mozill a.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki Authors The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red Hat, and Sun. Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey <dlackey@redhat.com>. Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2. References Visible links 1. http://www.mozi lla.org/projects/security/pki/ nss/
357	mozi lla_projects_nss_tools_ssltap
		Name ssltap — Tap into SSL connections and display the data going by Synopsis libssltap [-vhfsxl] [-p port] [hostname:port] Description The SSL Debugging Tool ssltap is an SSL-aware command-line proxy. It watches TCP connections and displays the data going by. If a connection is SSL, the data display includes interpreted SSL records and handshaking Options -v Print a version string for the tool. -h Turn on hex/ASCII printing. Instead of outputting raw data, the command interprets each record as a numbered line of hex values, followed by the same data as ASCII characters. The two parts are separated by a vertical bar. Nonprinting characters are replaced by dots. -f Turn on fancy printing. Output is printed in colored HTML. Data sent from the client to the server is in blue; the server’s reply is in red. When used with looping mode, the different connections are separated with horizontal lines. You can use this option to upload the output into a browser. -s Turn on SSL parsing and decoding. The tool does not automatically detect SSL sessions. If you are intercepting an SSL connection, use this option so that the tool can detect and decode SSL structures. If the tool detects a certificate chain, it saves the DER-encoded certificates into files in the current directory. The files are named cert.0x, where x is the sequence number of the certificate. If the -s option is used with -h, two separate parts are printed for each record: the plain hex/ASCII output, and the parsed SSL output. -x Turn on hex/ASCII printing of undecoded data inside parsed SSL records. Used only with the -s option. This option uses the same output format as the -h option. -l prefix Turn on looping; that is, continue to accept connections rather than stopping after the first connection is complete. -p port Change the default rendezvous port (1924) to another port. The following are well-known port numbers: * HTTP 80 * HTTPS 443 * SMTP 25 * FTP 21 * IMAP 143 * IMAPS 993 (IMAP over SSL) * NNTP 119 * NNTPS 563 (NNTP over SSL) Usage and Examples You can use the SSL Debugging Tool to intercept any connection information. Although you can run the tool at its most basic by issuing the ssltap command with no options other than hostname:port, the information you get in this way is not very useful. For example, assume your development machine is called intercept. The simplest way to use the debugging tool is to execute the following command from a command shell: $ ssltap www.netscape.com The program waits for an incoming connection on the default port 1924. In your browser window, enter the URL http://intercept:1924. The browser retrieves the requested page from the server at www.netscape.com, but the page is intercepted and passed on to the browser by the debugging tool on intercept. On its way to the browser, the data is printed to the command shell from which you issued the command. Data sent from the client to the server is surrounded by the following symbols: –> [ data ] Data sent from the server to the client is surrounded by the following symbols: “left arrow”– [ data ] The raw data stream is sent to standard output and is not interpreted in any way. This can result in peculiar effects, such as sounds, flashes, and even crashes of the command shell window. To output a basic, printable interpretation of the data, use the -h option, or, if you are looking at an SSL connection, the -s option. You will notice that the page you retrieved looks incomplete in the browser. This is because, by default, the tool closes down after the first connection is complete, so the browser is not able to load images. To make the tool continue to accept connections, switch on looping mode with the -l option. The following examples show the output from commonly used combinations of options. Example 1 $ ssltap.exe -sx -p 444 interzone.mcom.com:443 > sx.txt Output Connected to interzone.mcom.com:443 –>; [ alloclen = 66 bytes [ssl2] ClientHelloV2 { version = {0x03, 0x00} cipher-specs-length = 39 (0x27) sid-length = 0 (0x00) challenge-length = 16 (0x10) cipher-suites = { (0x010080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-128/MD5 (0x020080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-40/MD5 (0x030080) SSL2/RSA/RC2CBC128/MD5 (0x040080) SSL2/RSA/RC2CBC40/MD5 (0x060040) SSL2/RSA/DES64CBC/MD5 (0x0700c0) SSL2/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/MD5 (0x000004) SSL3/RSA/RC4-128/MD5 (0x00ffe0) SS L3/RSA-FIPS/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA (0x00000a) SSL3/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA (0x00ffe1) SSL3/RSA-FIPS/DES64CBC/SHA (0x000009) SSL3/RSA/DES64CBC/SHA (0x000003) SSL3/RSA/RC4-40/MD5 (0x000006) SSL3/RSA/RC2CBC40/MD5 } session-id = { } challenge = { 0xec5d 0x8edb 0x37c9 0xb5c9 0x7b70 0x8fe9 0xd1d3 0x2592 } } ] <– [ SSLRecord { 0: 16 03 00 03 e5 |….. type = 22 (handshake) version = { 3,0 } length = 997 (0x3e5) handshake { 0: 02 00 00 46 |…F type = 2 (server_hello) length = 70 (0x000046) ServerHello { server_version = {3, 0} random = {…} 0: 77 8c 6e 26 6c 0c ec c0 d9 58 4f 47 d3 2d 01 45 | wn&l.ì..XOG.-.E 10: 5c 17 75 43 a7 4c 88 c7 88 64 3c 50 41 48 4f 7f | .uC§L.Ç.d<PAHO. session ID = { length = 32 contents = {..} 0: 14 11 07 a8 2a 31 91 29 11 94 40 37 57 10 a7 32 | …¨*1.)..@7W.§2 10: 56 6f 52 62 fe 3d b3 65 b1 e4 13 0f 52 a3 c8 f6 | VoRbþ=³e±…R£È. } cipher_suite = (0x0003) SSL3/RSA/RC4-40/MD5 } 0: 0b 00 02 c5 |…Å type = 11 (certificate) length = 709 (0x0002c5) CertificateChain { chainlength = 706 (0x02c2) Certificate { size = 703 (0x02bf) data = { saved in file ‘cert.001’ } } } 0: 0c 00 00 ca |…. type = 12 (server_key_exchange) length = 202 (0x0000ca) 0: 0e 00 00 00 |…. type = 14 (server_hello_done) length = 0 (0x000000) } –> [ SSLRecord { 0: 16 03 00 00 44 |….D type = 22 (handshake) version = { 3,0 } length = 68 (0x44) handshake { 0: 10 00 00 40 |…@ type = 16 (client_key_exchange) length = 64 (0x000040) ClientKeyExchange { message = {…} } } –> [ SSLRecord { 0: 14 03 00 00 01 |….. type = 20 (change_cipher_spec) version = { 3,0 } length = 1 (0x1) 0: 01 |. } SSLRecord { 0: 16 03 00 00 38 |….8 type = 22 (handshake) version = { 3,0 } length = 56 (0x38) < encrypted > <– [ SSLRecord { 0: 14 03 00 00 01 |….. type = 20 (change_cipher_spec) version = { 3,0 } length = 1 (0x1) 0: 01 |. <– [ SSLRecord { 0: 16 03 00 00 38 |….8 type = 22 (handshake) version = { 3,0 } length = 56 (0x38) < encrypted > –> [ SSLRecord { 0: 17 03 00 01 1f |….. type = 23 (application_data) version = { 3,0 } length = 287 (0x11f) < encrypted > <– [ SSLRecord { 0: 17 03 00 00 a0 |…. type = 23 (application_data) version = { 3,0 } length = 160 (0xa0) < encrypted > <– [ SSLRecord { 0: 17 03 00 00 df |….ß type = 23 (application_data) version = { 3,0 } length = 223 (0xdf) < encrypted > } SSLRecord { 0: 15 03 00 00 12 |….. type = 21 (alert) version = { 3,0 } length = 18 (0x12) < encrypted > Server socket closed. Example 2 The -s option turns on SSL parsing. Because the -x option is not used in this example, undecoded values are output as raw data. The output is routed to a text file. $ ssltap -s -p 444 interzone.mcom.com:443 > s.txt Output Connected to interzone.mcom.com:443 –> [ alloclen = 63 bytes [ssl2] ClientHelloV2 { version = {0x03, 0x00} cipher-specs-length = 36 (0x24) sid-length = 0 (0x00) challenge-length = 16 (0x10) cipher-suites = { (0x010080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-128/MD5 (0x020080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-40/MD5 (0x030080) SSL2/RSA/RC2CBC128/MD5 (0x060040) SSL2/RSA/DES64CBC/MD5 (0x0700c0) SSL2/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/MD5 (0x000004) SSL3/RSA/RC4-128/MD5 (0x00ffe0) SS L3/RSA-FIPS/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA (0x00000a) SSL3/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA (0x00ffe1) SSL3/RSA-FIPS/DES64CBC/SHA (0x000009) SSL3/RSA/DES64CBC/SHA (0x000003) SSL3/RSA/RC4-40/MD5 } session-id = { } challenge = { 0x713c 0x9338 0x30e1 0xf8d6 0xb934 0x7351 0x200c 0x3fd0 } ] >– [ SSLRecord { type = 22 (handshake) version = { 3,0 } length = 997 (0x3e5) handshake { type = 2 (server_hello) length = 70 (0x000046) ServerHello { server_version = {3, 0} random = {…} session ID = { length = 32 contents = {..} } cipher_suite = (0x0003) SSL3/RSA/RC4-40/MD5 } type = 11 (certificate) length = 709 (0x0002c5) CertificateChain { chainlength = 706 (0x02c2) Certificate { size = 703 (0x02bf) data = { saved in file ‘cert.001’ } } } type = 12 (server_key_exchange) length = 202 (0x0000ca) type = 14 (server_hello_done) length = 0 (0x000000) } –> [ SSLRecord { type = 22 (handshake) version = { 3,0 } length = 68 (0x44) handshake { type = 16 (client_key_exchange) length = 64 (0x000040) ClientKeyExchange { message = {…} } } –> [ SSLRecord { type = 20 (change_cipher_spec) version = { 3,0 } length = 1 (0x1) } SSLRecord { type = 22 (handshake) version = { 3,0 } length = 56 (0x38) > encrypted > >– [ SSLRecord { type = 20 (change_cipher_spec) version = { 3,0 } length = 1 (0x1) >– [ SSLRecord { type = 22 (handshake) version = { 3,0 } length = 56 (0x38) > encrypted > –> [ SSLRecord { type = 23 (application_data) version = { 3,0 } length = 287 (0x11f) > encrypted > [ SSLRecord { type = 23 (application_data) version = { 3,0 } length = 160 (0xa0) > encrypted > >– [ SSLRecord { type = 23 (application_data) version = { 3,0 } length = 223 (0xdf) > encrypted > } SSLRecord { type = 21 (alert) version = { 3,0 } length = 18 (0x12) > encrypted > Server socket closed. Example 3 In this example, the -h option turns hex/ASCII format. There is no SSL parsing or decoding. The output is routed to a text file. $ ssltap -h -p 444 interzone.mcom.com:443 > h.txt Output Connected to interzone.mcom.com:443 –> [ 0: 80 40 01 03 00 00 27 00 00 00 10 01 00 80 02 00 | .@….’……… 10: 80 03 00 80 04 00 80 06 00 40 07 00 c0 00 00 04 | ………@…… 20: 00 ff e0 00 00 0a 00 ff e1 00 00 09 00 00 03 00 | ……..á……. 30: 00 06 9b fe 5b 56 96 49 1f 9f ca dd d5 ba b9 52 | ..þ[V.I.xd9 …º¹R 40: 6f 2d |o- ] <– [ 0: 16 03 00 03 e5 02 00 00 46 03 00 7f e5 0d 1b 1d | ……..F……. 10: 68 7f 3a 79 60 d5 17 3c 1d 9c 96 b3 88 d2 69 3b | h.:y`..<..³.Òi; 20: 78 e2 4b 8b a6 52 12 4b 46 e8 c2 20 14 11 89 05 | x.K.¦R.KFè. … 30: 4d 52 91 fd 93 e0 51 48 91 90 08 96 c1 b6 76 77 | MR.ý..QH…..¶vw 40: 2a f4 00 08 a1 06 61 a2 64 1f 2e 9b 00 03 00 0b | *ô..¡.a¢d…… 50: 00 02 c5 00 02 c2 00 02 bf 30 82 02 bb 30 82 02 | ..Å……0…0.. 60: 24 a0 03 02 01 02 02 02 01 36 30 0d 06 09 2a 86 | $ …….60…*. 70: 48 86 f7 0d 01 01 04 05 00 30 77 31 0b 30 09 06 | H.÷……0w1.0.. 80: 03 55 04 06 13 02 55 53 31 2c 30 2a 06 03 55 04 | .U….US1,0*..U. 90: 0a 13 23 4e 65 74 73 63 61 70 65 20 43 6f 6d 6d | ..#Netscape Comm a0: 75 6e 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 43 6f 72 70 6f | unications Corpo b0: 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 31 11 30 0f 06 03 55 04 0b 13 | ration1.0…U… c0: 08 48 61 72 64 63 6f 72 65 31 27 30 25 06 03 55 | .Hardcore1’0%..U d0: 04 03 13 1e 48 61 72 64 63 6f 72 65 20 43 65 72 | ….Hardcore Cer e0: 74 69 66 69 63 61 74 65 20 53 65 72 76 65 72 20 | tificate Server f0: 49 49 30 1e 17 0d 39 38 30 35 31 36 30 31 30 33 | II0…9805160103 <additional data lines> ] <additional records in same format> Server socket closed. Example 4 In this example, the -s option turns on SSL parsing, and the -h option turns on hex/ASCII format. Both formats are shown for each record. The output is routed to a text file. $ ssltap -hs -p 444 interzone.mcom.com:443 > hs.txt Output Connected to interzone.mcom.com:443 –> [ 0: 80 3d 01 03 00 00 24 00 00 00 10 01 00 80 02 00 | .=….$……… 10: 80 03 00 80 04 00 80 06 00 40 07 00 c0 00 00 04 | ………@…… 20: 00 ff e0 00 00 0a 00 ff e1 00 00 09 00 00 03 03 | ……..á……. 30: 55 e6 e4 99 79 c7 d7 2c 86 78 96 5d b5 cf e9 |U..yÇxb0 ,.x.]µÏé alloclen = 63 bytes [ssl2] ClientHelloV2 { version = {0x03, 0x00} cipher-specs-length = 36 (0x24) sid-length = 0 (0x00) challenge-length = 16 (0x10) cipher-suites = { (0x010080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-128/MD5 (0x020080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-40/MD5 (0x030080) SSL2/RSA/RC2CBC128/MD5 (0x040080) SSL2/RSA/RC2CBC40/MD5 (0x060040) SSL2/RSA/DES64CBC/MD5 (0x0700c0) SSL2/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/MD5 (0x000004) SSL3/RSA/RC4-128/MD5 (0x00ffe0) SS L3/RSA-FIPS/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA (0x00000a) SSL3/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA (0x00ffe1) SSL3/RSA-FIPS/DES64CBC/SHA (0x000009) SSL3/RSA/DES64CBC/SHA (0x000003) SSL3/RSA/RC4-40/MD5 } session-id = { } challenge = { 0x0355 0xe6e4 0x9979 0xc7d7 0x2c86 0x7896 0x5db 0xcfe9 } } ] <additional records in same formats> Server socket closed. Usage Tips When SSL restarts a previous session, it makes use of cached information to do a partial handshake. If you wish to capture a full SSL handshake, restart the browser to clear the session id cache. If you run the tool on a machine other than the SSL server to which you are trying to connect, the browser will complain that the host name you are trying to connect to is different from the certificate. If you are using the default BadCert callback, you can still connect through a dialog. If you are not using the default BadCert callback, the one you supply must allow for this possibility. See Also The NSS Security Tools are also documented at [1]http://www.mozil la.org/projects/security/pki/n ss/. Additional Resources NSS is maintained in conjunction with PKI and security-related projects through Mozilla dn Fedora. The most closely-related project is Dogtag PKI, with a project wiki at [2]http: //pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/. For information specifically about NSS, the NSS project wiki is located at [3]http://www.mozil la.org/projects/security/pki/n ss/. The NSS site relates directly to NSS code changes and releases. Mailing lists: pki-devel@redhat.com and pki-users@redhat.com IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki Authors The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape and now with Red Hat and Sun. Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey <dlackey@redhat.com>. Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2. References Visible links 1. http://www.mozilla.org/p rojects/secu…/pki/nss/tools http ://pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/ http://www.mozi lla.org/projects/security/pki/ nss/
358	mozill a_projects_nss_tools_vfychain
		Name vfychain — vfychain [options] [revocation options] certfile [[options] certfile] … Synopsis vfychain Description The verification Tool, vfychain, verifies certificate chains. modutil can add and delete PKCS #11 modules, change passwords on security databases, set defaults, list module contents, enable or disable slots, enable or disable FIPS 140-2 compliance, and assign default providers for cryptographic operations. This tool can also create certificate, key, and module security database files. The tasks associated with security module database management are part of a process that typically also involves managing key databases and certificate databases. Options -a the following certfile is base64 encoded -b YYMMDDHHMMZ Validate date (default: now) -d directory database directory -f Enable cert fetching from AIA URL -o oid Set policy OID for cert validation(Format OID.1.2.3) -p Use PKIX Library to validate certificate by calling: * CERT_VerifyCertificate if specified once, * CERT_PKIXVerifyCert if specified twice and more. -r Following certfile is raw binary DER (default) -t Following cert is explicitly trusted (overrides db trust) -u usage 0=SSL client, 1=SSL server, 2=SSL StepUp, 3=SSL CA, 4=Email signer, 5=Email recipient, 6=Object signer, 9=ProtectedObjectSigner, 10=OCSP responder, 11=Any CA -v Verbose mode. Prints root cert subject(double the argument for whole root cert info) -w password Database password -W pwfile Password file Revocation options for PKIX API (invoked with -pp options) is a collection of the following flags: [-g type [-h flags] [-m type [-s flags]] …] … Where: -g test-type Sets status checking test type. Possible values are “leaf” or “chain” -g test type Sets status checking test type. Possible values are “leaf” or “chain”. -h test flags Sets revocation flags for the test type it follows. Possible flags: “testLocalInfoFirst” and “requireFreshInfo”. -m method type Sets method type for the test type it follows. Possible types are “crl” and “ocsp”. -s method flags Sets revocation flags for the method it follows. Possible types are “doNotUse”, “forbidFetching”, “ignoreDefaultSrc”, “requireInfo” and “failIfNoInfo”. Additional Resources For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check out the NSS project wiki at [1]http://www.mozil la.org/projects/security/pki/n ss/. The NSS site relates directly to NSS code changes and releases. Mailing lists: https://lists.mozill a.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki Authors The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red Hat, and Sun. Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey <dlackey@redhat.com>. Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2. References Visible links 1. http://www.mozi lla.org/projects/security/pki/ nss/
359	mozil la_projects_nss_tools_vfyserv
		Coming soon
360	mozilla _projects_nss_troubleshooting	NSS
		On this page, let’s collect information on how to troubleshoot NSS at runtime. Debugging tips, how to enable tracing of the various modules, etc.
361	mozilla_p rojects_nss_utility_functions	NSS
		The public functions listed here perform initialization tasks and other services.